Saudi Education System

Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian discipline dodgingThe previous chapter sought to clarify the seek motivation, presented the rationale for the study and adumb come out the specific research questions. Given that this work was undertaken in Saudi Arabia, it is disposed(p) to translate an over think of the Saudi direction clay in p subterfugeicular its general characteristics, structure, curriculum being used in it. This chapter provides general undercoat regarding the basic objectives of the Saudi reading remains. The st targetgies it employs for its on going develop workforcet and advancement.2.2 The Saudi Education System A brief previewEducation in each(prenominal) p humanistic discipline of Saudi Arabia was traditional until the late nineteenth century, the culture was chiefly re fastidioused to reading, writing and recitation of the Quran. higher(prenominal) tutoring in religious studies existed only in the main cities of Saudi Arabia. The beginning of the ne w(a) Education took place towards the end of the nineteenth century in the past Ottoman provinces of Hijaz and Al-Ahsa. By 1920s a few cloak-and-dagger conditions began twist non-religious subjects in some major cities and larger towns. In the beginning of 1951 a network of vicarious schools was set up. The ministry of Education was ceremonious in 1954 and prince Fahd stash away Abd al-Aziz became the source minister. The offset non wholly religious university was receptive up in 1957. In spite of the strong opposition of the conservatives of the Saudi clan the overt upbringing for girls began in 1964. The Ministry of higher(prenominal) Education was established in 1975, and the festering objects of 1970s and 1980s characterized remarkable growth in the Education setup, better Saudi Education system considerably.The literacy rate in Saudi Arabia in 1970 was 15% for men and 2% for women. By 1990 it was 73% for men and 48% for women , and, in 2002 it reached 90.9% an d 70.2%, respectively . According to the Central Intelligence Agencys World Factbook 2002, the literacy rate in 2002 was estimated at 84.2% for males and 69.5% for feminines and according to the la testing facts it stands at 86.6% over entirely, with male literacy rate at 90.4% and female literacy rate at 81.3%.The reason for the positive results in combating illiteracy can be attri besidesed to government support and encouragement. Private teaching institutions and Quran schools proved successful in increasing the literacy rate. The very original syllabus to educate adults, especi on the wholey in terms of reading, was laid wad in 1956. Initially, the period of education was reduced to terce grades, and then after(prenominal) some experimentation, four years. After this four year timeframe, the educatee go to a follow-up programme after which a he or she was then eligible for a direct school certificate.Around the mid(prenominal) 1950s, Saudis quickly started to true(a) ise that education, and reading in particular, were absolutely vital for the in store(predicate) of their country. Today, they look on in pride at a erudite and successful nation. Saudi business is booming, and the rate of attendance at schools has reached 98.7 percent. Mean objet dart, discipline work is continuing on educating elderly people who may bring missed out on previous reading programmes.2.3 Characteristics of Saudi education SystemEducation in Saudi Arabia has four special characteristics an vehemence on Islam, a centralized educational system, separate education for men and women, and state financial support. Islam is the core of each Muslims curriculum, with time each calendar week devoted to the study of the Muslim sacred text, theQuran, Moslem tradition, jurisprudence, and theology from primary through high education. Religion is not separate from but is a part of the disciplines of education, economics, sociology, psychology, medicine, and law. It is antici pate that theQuranwill be memorized, interpreted, and applied to all aspects of daily life.The centralized educational system for men is under the legal power of the Ministry of Education and for women, under the General Presidency of Girls Education. All schools at all levels utilize the same methods of instruction, textbooks, evaluation techniques, curricula, and educational policy. As stated in Article 155 of the educational Policy of Saudi Arabia, there is strict separation of the sexes at all levels of education with the exception of kindergarten, nursery, and some orphic elementary schools, and in some medical schools. The separation of the sexes is related to the prize social status of women accorded to them by Islam. With the exceptions of physical education and home economics, the curricula argon the same. The Saudi government is committed to the development of education at all costs and maintains exclusive control. Education is free but not needinessed beyond the eleme ntary level. The government provides free tuition, stipends, subsidies, and bonuses to students entering certain field of study and to those continuing their education outside the country. Free transportation is provided for female students.2.4 Objectives of Saudi Education PolicyThe objectives of the Saudi educational policy ar to ensure that education becomes more efficient, to meet the religious, economic and social unavoidably of the country and to eradicate illiteracy among Saudi adults. The main educational conception of Saudi education system is a continuation of its Islamic Educational heritage. To prep are highly qualified individuals, scientifically and intellectually, so that they can actualize their best in order to benefit their country and the development of their Nation. To stand for a positive role in the field of scientific research in order to contribute to the global progress in arts, acquisition and inventions. To translate the scientific fellowship to the language of Quran (Arabic) and the development of the riches of the Arabic language, to meet the needs of Arabization, by making knowledge favorable to the largest procedure of people.There are several government agencies involved with planning, administrating and implementing the boilers suit governmental educational policy in Saudi Arabia.The Ministry of Education sets overall standards for the countrys educational system (public and private) and similarly oversees special education for the handicapped. Early in 2003 the General Presidency for Girls Education was dissolved and its functions were taken over by the Ministry, to administer the girls schools and colleges, supervise kindergartens and nursery schools and sponsor literacy programs for females.The Structure and course of instruction of Saudi Public EducationThe Public education in Saudi Arabia, for boys and girls, is shared into three levels elementary, intermediate, and secondary. Also, there is optional kinderg arten level. The school year at all three levels consists of two semesters, which are fifteen weeks long. Classes per week vary from 28 to 33 class. The length of each class is 45 minutes. Passing the mental testing at the end of the school year is essential for moving to adjacent grade or level. Students who fail need to take another test in the subject that was failed. Before the new school year starts, if the student fails again, he needs to repeat the grade.Elementary EducationElementary education consists of six grades. Students start at the age of six. (May accept 3 months or 4 in Gregorian calendar- less than 6). Elementary education focuses mainly on Islamic religion and the Arabic language mathematics, history, geography, and science.2.7 Elementary give instruction Curriculum2.8 Intermediate EducationPassing the sixth grade examinations is demand to enter the intermediate level. The age of the intermediate student is between 12 and 15 years old. Students in the interme diate level study, besides Islamic and Arabic language courses, more general education courses. Completion of the 3rd year of the intermediate level and passing the examination, students can select bingle of three options (1) regular secondary school, (2) vocational education, (3) Quranic schools.2.9 Intermediate School CurriculumSecondary EducationBefore 1937, there was no secondary-level education in Saudi Arabia. The original of all high school was the Saudi Institution opened in 1926. The real beginning of secondary education coincides with the development of the outside(prenominal) Mission preparatory school in 1937. The initial purpose of this school was to prepare Saudi students for higher education in Egyptian universities. The curricula were kindred to the Egyptian curricula and most of the teachers were from Egypt. Secondary education is three-year program. The economic development in the oil sector in 1950s and 1960s led to hammy industrial and commercial growth in Saudi Arabia. The need for an ready reform of the secondary education system and more secondary schools became clear. The Saudi Supreme Committee of Education embarked on a large-scale amplification of the Saudi education system, which was influenced by the American education system. There are now three types of secondary education available in Saudi ArabiaQuranic school, (2) general (academic) school, and (3) vocational (professional) school.The first Quranic high school opened in 1977. General high school follows a general curriculum in the first year. Then, each student specializes in either liberal arts or science for the next two years. The general high school curriculum has been changed several times, as educational policymakers and curriculum planners switch impelled that the curriculum did not meet individuals and discipline needs. The Ministry of Education established the first comprehensive secondary school in 1975, as an experimental newfangled high school in the c ity of Riyadh. In 1977 and 1978, they opened three more schools in other cities round the abilitydom of Saudi Arabia. The liveliness in establishing these schools wasTo prepare students for real life by affording them with the knowledge and skills they need for employment,To meet the needs of both individuals and groups in society,To allow students to select the courses and activities that they need,To offer students access to an academic adviser to guide and dish them during their studies.Because of the need to scatter secondary education and include additional academic programs and areas of study, the comprehensive secondary education program was replaced by developed secondary education in 1983. This school allowed students to choose the courses that cor answer to their interests, as well as develop a high school structure which allows students to experience different activities. Saudi educational policymakers phased the developed high school plan out in 1993 because of the negative social consequences for both students and the society.Higher EducationHigher education became the focus of Saudi Education system when country embarked on its development ascent in 1970s. The oldest university in Saudi Arabia was opened in 1957 as Riyadh university which was renamed as King Saud university in 1982. In the academic year 2007-2008 the university had 42,312 students (Albaikan, 2010). There were only two universities in Riyadh, King Saud university (KSU) and Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic university until 2004 when the first women university was established by combining women colleges. The ministry of Higher Education was established in Saudi Arabia in 1975 to supervise and regulate the higher education in the country. The ministrys major objective was to establish new higher education institutions end-to-end the country and expand the existing onenesss and to commence and renew the undergraduate and post-graduate programmes in most disciplines in these un iversities and colleges. Saudi universities and higher education institutions offer Diplomas, bachs, get the hang and PHD stages in various humanities and scientific specializations. A Bachelor degree requires four years study programme in the field of humanistic discipline and Social Sciences and five to six years in the field of Engineering, medicinal drug and Pharmacy. The medium of instruction in science and technological fields is English, while the other subjects are taught in Arabic.Saudi universities have been increased in number from eight public universities to twenty one since 2004 (Ministry of Higher Education, 2008) just about of these universities were pre-established colleges, which were later upgraded to the status of universities. A large number of vocational institutes and private colleges have been established more recently, much(prenominal) as The Prince Sultan University and Arabic Open University. A considerable amount of annual budget is allocated for t hese higher Education institutions by the Saudi Government to ensure their smooth work and continuous advancement, For instance the budget in 2010 spent $36.7 billion on education and teach out of $146 billion total budget. The Higher Education budget of 2010 covered funding for establishing new universities across Saudi Arabia and the expansion of the existing ones and increasing the students enrollment in Higher Education and wisdom programmes abroad. There are approximately more than 80.000 Saudi students studying at Higher education universities around the world with Government scholarships. Moreover, The worlds largest Women University, The Princess Nora Bint AbdulRahman University, was inaugurated in the first quarter of the year 2011 by the then King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, at the outskirts of the capital city Riyadh. The university has the capacity of accommodating 50.000 students and aims to improve womens access to courses such as Business and Science. The universit y has its own teaching Hospital , state of the art laboratories and libraries.The Movement to transform the Saudi society into a Knowledge participation was emphasized by the Minister of Higher Education in a speech, during the First Higher Education Symposium held in March 2010The premises of Higher Education development adopted by the Ministryare based on specified fundamentals, most important of them issupporting Saudi society be transformed into a knowledge society. Oneof the most important intend to achieve this transformation is to developand employ a view of knowledge economy where knowledge is produced,disseminated and ultimately consumed at various community productsand returns works. Toward this there was collaboration with universitiesto build real and realistic partnerships with production and operatesector, both governmental and private whether local or external.Such instill is justified in a view of a university or educational institution role as a manifestation o f a eternal rest stroked between producing knowledge and utilization of this produced knowledge, education outputthat is fit for national development needs and those needs of labourmarket. Such balancing highlights the real role and the positivereflection of universities and Higher Education organizations at religious servicetheir communities, not forgetting too their pioneering role at educatingand conducting research. (Ministry of Higher Education Portal, 2010) (para. 7)The use up of Internet In Saudi Education SystemSaudi Arabian citizens were enabled to access Internet in the year 1999 for the first time. According to the communications and Information engineering Commission (2007) There were approximately 200.000 Internet users in Saudi Arabia in December 2000, the number which rose to 2.54 million users by the year 2005 and by 2007 it jumped up to 6.4 million users, making it nearly one third of the Saudi people which is approximately 24 million (Albaikan, 2010) The major reason for this rapid growth is that around 60% of Saudi population comprises of young people who are in their twenties or point younger (ArRiyadh Development authority, 2007) and they are adapting to the latest technologies faster than expected (Albaikan,2010). It is expected that Internet use will continue to grow In Saudi Arabia at the same pace, hence, raising the issue of incorporating methodologies to provide new learn strategies that include use of technology.In the major cities of Saudi Arabia, the residential, business and metropolitan areas including universities have been provided with the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) recently.Asynchronous realistic instruction is used in the country referable to the limitation in the bandwidth. The manager of Al-Dawalij company (Saudi Educational Software Producing Company) said supporting his view that his company has stopped producing online educational natural for schools because of the network connection problems t hat prevented schools accessing that material (Albaikan, 2010). Therefore their soft wares and products are only available on CDs and DVDs (Abu-Hassana Woodcock, 2006). The ministry of Higher Education of Saudi Arabia has encouraged the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education sector, providing development projects to establish adequate IT infrastructure and sate development for students seeking Higher education. Recently some universities and institutions have also been provided Commercial information Management Systems such as blackboards, white boards, WebCT and Tadarus (Arabic phrase Learning Management System) to facilitate online teaching and learning. However, the number of instructors and lecturers who utilize these systems is limited, due to the lack of sufficient training workshops and practice.King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) and King AbdulAziz University (KAU), established E=learning centers a few years ago, that provi de attention to their lecturers to develop interactive web-based supplementary material for traditional courses (Albaikan, 2010). The KAU, was the first Saudi university that employed a virtual learning environment, by offering online Bachelor degree. However in August 2007, the Islamic University of Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud began offering a place learning program that delivers instructions entirely through the Internet (Albaikan,2010), but only a few universities up till now have begun implementing E-learning for their distance learning programmes and offer online courses. To further aid and assist the development of education system, the Ministry of Higher Education of Saudi Arabia has established the National plan for Information technology which encourages the E-learning and distance learning for higher education. The National pith for E-learning and Distance learning was established in 2006, to support E-learning and blended learning implementation in universities (Albaikan , 2010). The National centre provides tools, technical support and the inevitable means for the development of digital education nub for Higher education through out the country. Due to the lack of adequately trained lecturers and the ever-rising number of students, The National meat of E-learning and Distance Learning has started various programmes that aim to enkindle E-learning in Saudi universities. The principal goals and objectives of the National centre for E-learning, 2008 wereTo work across all Higher Education Institutions to develop a national and international E-learning infrastructure.To develop infrastructures for the centre.To establish awareness of E-learning programmes.To provide full E-learning solutions to atleast three strategic partners by the end of 2010.To collaborate with Higher Education, government and corporate partners to provide solutions for complex E-learning problems.To develop new E-learning projects.To develop rules and regulations to supervise and govern E-learning programmes in Saudi Arabia.To establish alliance with with atleast two international E-learning bodies to share E-learning resources.King Saud University, King Abdulaziz University, Baha University, Taiba University, Qassim University and Madinah Islamic University all have memoranda of understanding with the Ministry to instal the E-learning scheme as per the ministrys instructions. (Albaikan, 2010) The National centre of E-learning has established a training programme for academics in the universities who want to adopt e-learning. A digital down payment called, Maknaz has also been started by the centre, it will contain various educational content such as learning objects, which can be uploaded and modified by lecturers and retrieved by students.Jusur, The Learning Management system was created in 2007 to provide the learning management features in Arabic for Saudi institutions. Jusur is an user-friendly system and it has already been upgraded to the second version within a year of its innovation. The system provides online help desk and support, allowing people to send in their queries, using an online ticket for technical helper and receive a prompt reply in their email accounts. Jasurs website also offers printed manuals specifically for students and lecturers both.SummaryThis chapter has covered the background of the Saudi education system and the important factors that influence it. The general structure, characteristics and curriculum of Saudi education system have been highlighted in the chapter. This chapter also explained the use of internet in the background of Saudi education system, the developing role of ICT in it and the role of the Centre of E-learning and Distance Learning has also been discussed. Saudi Arabia is still striving to respond to the technological evolution in Education. It has only been fifty years when the first university was established with only twenty one students, today the country proudly hosts tw enty one public universities and a number of private universities on with the worlds largest women university. Female education is given considerable priority and the focus is on to establish quality learning conducive environments for face to face and E-learning.

Integrated Library Management Utility From Prospects

Integrated depository library focus Utility From ProspectsThe meaning of the condition digital subroutine subroutine subroutine subroutine library ranges from a digitized arrangement of solely digital training along with the dos that make the culture effective to all possible practice sessionrs. At times it is de margeinationd interchangeably with term much(prenominal) as virtual library, electronic library, and a library without wall.A digital library is a type of tuition rec everyplacey that utilise the science of intrusive for documents. The simplest definition was aptly put onwards by Hunter and Mardis (2001), a digital library is a line of battle of discipline that is two in digital (electronic from) and is nonionic. info whitethorn puddle in many forms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as images, video, audio, text, formatted documents and interactive softw atomic number 18. exclusively these line of battle information then argon stored in digital format s and annoyible by computers either finished internal accessing using Local area interlocking (LAN) network or external accessing through online.1 The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks.A digital library is an organization, which might be virtual, that comprehensively collects, manages and preserves for the long term teeming digital content, and adduces to its routiner communities specialized functionality on that content, of measurable quality and harmonise to codified policies operation (L. Candela 2008).The purposed digital library aims to provide an electronic system to help educators and student obtain accurate information collect, store, and organized information in digital format publish and share electronic resources and learn how to use reading Technology (IT) tools to obtain information on local contents.The fundamental reason for building digital libraries is belief that it go away provide better delivery of informat ion than was non possible in the past (Arms, 2000). The major(ip) advantages of digital libraries oer tralatitious libraries acknowledgedigital libraries bring the libraries closer to the clients Information are brought to the customers, either at home(a) or work, making it to a greater extent accessible, and adjoins its usage. This is very much different than traditional libraries where the customers have to physically go to the library.Computer applied science is employ for anticipateing and browsing Computer systems are better than manual methods for finding information. It is useful for reference work that involves repeated leaps from one source of information to some other.Information gouge be shared Placing digital information on a network makes it available to everyone. Many digital libraries are maintained at a single central site.This is a vast improvement over expensive physical duplication of little used material, or the bring out of unique material that is ina ccessible without traveling to the location where it is stored.Information is perpetually available The digital librarys doors allow never close usage of digital libraries collectings dissolve be done at hours when the library buildings are closed. Materials are never checked-out, missed-shelve, or stolen. In traditional libraries, information is much more likely to be available when and where the user wants it. saucily forms of information capture possible A database may be the best way to temper and disseminate information. Whereas conventional libraries are printed on make-up, yet print is not always the best way to book and disseminate information.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe preyive of this paper is to lease the function of ILMU system on perceived ease of use of digital libraries. Further, this study also attempts to answer whether there is a kinship between the ILMU system and perceived ease of use in linguistic context of CRM. There is limited research done in Malaysia on the end-users sensing of the ease of use and usefulness of digital libraries.Thus this paper attempts to study the nature of the relationship between system function, ILMU system modules, and effectiveness of CRM on digital technology among library faculty in Malaysia.MethodologyThe methodological analysis used was to examine academic libraries on the web to identify types of electronic information expediencys available the method of deliver and functionalities of these work. The selected organizations were those which used the term digital libraries or virtual libraries to describe the online library.history of ilmuIn Malaysia, the use of cyberspace technology in libraries began with university libraries creating static web sites containing general information about the library, its collection, services and facilities. Libraries then began to incorporate Web-based Online Public Access chronicle (OPAC) in the web site. Consequently, library systems evolved into Web-based li brary systems, with some of these sophisticated systems universe able to integrate content way systems and facilitate the creation of Web-portals for the involution of library services. As Chao (2002) observes, the rapid development of information technology is transforming pick out library services at a spectacular rate. By connecting to the Internet and WWW, the university library expands its access to information resources, some of which appear as digital libraries. Lately the term hybrid library is be widely used by Malaysian libraries as there are only vindicatory embarking on the journey to the digital world.ILMU was derived from the need to provide a unlined solely integrated information environment representing a modern library system. From the paper-work description such as cataloguing, writerity, circulation, and so on to the digitalized document and online database store. The end- harvest-feast is a major step towards a true digital library but shut away maintain s the lifework of the library system and follows the procedure of the library of congress classification (LCC).ILMU utilises client-server technology and accommodates multimedia OLE, event-driven program execution and ODBC connectivity, in addition to conforming to supranational classification and standardisation schemes. Based on the digital library term and description, any information can be accessible and stored via LAN and online.The police squad that is responsible for ILMU had originally developed System Perpustakaan Berkomputer (SISPUKOM) in 1985, which won a National award and was awarded the first runner-up position for the Asia Computer hebdomadally Award for best software. But ILMU is not simply a revise or re-engineered version of SISPUKOM. It is a completely new idea and product built based on the experience on designing and maintaining the early system. It still used the concept of library system and follows the procedure of LCC but directed at utilising the late st technologies and fulfilling modern user prerequisites.From the CRM view, the computerised library information system is designed to provide both technical and customer information services in any library or information centre. By using the similar library activities and operation, it can be operated by customers both public and private sectors.Based on an open concept of software development, its modular and integrated approach towards library computerisation is complemented by its ability to be installed and executed in a number of hardware environments. Any switch classifications are easily been upgraded to the new version.In commercial terms, the product has been successful, being enthusiastically received by customers both public and private sectors. It has been trustworthy most of the Information Center and been adapted by customer as a guidance and module in library system.ILMU was implemented at PTAR in January 1999 then presently been installed over 170 in Information Center. It is a library information system designed to assist librarians and library staff for daily activities and operation.ILMU MODULES and functionsIn the literature by Bunge and Bopp (2001), the three aspects of service are identified as (i) service that assisting customers in finding information, (ii) service that helps customers learn skills to find and use library collection and (iii) guidance to customers in choosing relevant information resources based on the need and presenting the information. This definition, together with Marchioninis categorization was used by Choi (2006) and expanded by him. In this study, Chois categorization was pick out to suite the study aims and the selected digital libraries were examined based on the following criteria availability of Internet ResourcesDigital reference service handiness of online user preparationAvailability of links to reference sourcesAvailability of links to search enginesAvailability of links / guide to citation tools. Other servicesMainly the connect was to identify the availability of information services useful to students and researchers, the librarys main clientele. postpone 1 shows the overall description of the various digital information services in the digital libraries examined in this study. Each type of service is describe based on the various functions it had in the library.Any functional digital library should following five main components (IBM DB2, 1998)It should provide for creating and capturing materials and support an host of industry standard and proper(postnominal)ation, able to define and import data in varied format, incorporate templates and inditeing tools to help in the creation wait on.It should include an access and distribution module so that information can be distributed over public or private network.It should provide search and retrieval components so that the contents of the stored learning objects can be search effectively, utilising keyword searches, Boole an search and ranking relevant searches.It should provide authentication and rights vigilance module that surmount user access and protect the library contents.It should incorporate the storage and management of contents that provides high-performance, scalable storage and efficient digital learning object management.ILMU provide some modules in library activity and operation such as acquisition, cataloguing, authority, circulation, infotrack, IRS, and accounting that can be implement by the customers.CATALOGUINGCataloguing module provides user friendly, and established data entry templates. Ability to interface with online bibliographic databases that can store hundred thousand bibliographic at the same time.With its locally established data-entry templates, assist libraries in the management of bibliographic information retrieval.This module provides searching method to the customer in retrieving current information needed. It also provides customer accurate calculation about the tally of the incident that have been stored in the database. Using this module, customer can modify texts to conform to local cataloguing requirements, and import selected records to ILMUs database. As such, custom tailored records are produced.This module also permits the contemporaries and arrangement of lists, such as ledge lists and plus lists, according to the libraries needs.Cataloguing module allows customers organized different kinds of library collection with very systematic way and can easy accessing. It gives very legal solution for various kind of problem occurs and bibliographic operation such as bibliographic maintenance, entryway maintenance, release for circulation, deleted bibliographic records, and batch indexing.bibliographic MAINTENANCECustomers in the management of bibliographic information can use Bibliographic Organisation to locally establish data-entry interfaces. It allows the customer to enter a new record and index the record so that it can be u sed by other customer. This feature also enabling the customer to edit, modify or delete the breathing records.ACCESSION MAINTENANCEAccession Maintenance is the appendage allows the customer to record all the details of accession for every item in library. At the same time, it allows the customer to progress to a new accession record, edit or modify the alert accession record and also can deleting the records.RELEASE FOR CIRCULATIONRelease for Circulation is the pull through function can be done in Cataloguing Module. After this function, the item can be manipulated in Edaran unit of a library. Customer can borrow, return and also can reserve the item. The status for the item go out be changed from Final Processing to Available after the function.DELETED BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDSAll the deleted items in Cataloguing module are stored in Deleted Bibliographic Record. Customer can use Deleted Bibliographic Records function to permanently delete a record. group INDEXINGThe bargain In dexing used to indexing the buffer record which is temporary stored in batch. It enables customer to register the records into particular type of indexing. This process will keep the records into database for retrieving purposes.AUTHORITY MAINTENANCEILMU authority modules provide worth(predicate) assistance to term reference. It allows users to submit terms that can be used by a library system to ensure the data consistency. For example, the author Kamaludin Muhammad uses his pen name Keris Mas for his writings. When a work written by the author is catalogued into the system, a user may key in Keris Mas or Kamaludin Muhammad as the author.When used in conjunction with the Cataloguing module, users are able to search for specific information through customized search keys derived from a variety of MARC tags. This mechanism ensures that when a user performs a search, it is possible to obtain consistent results.CIRCULATIONFacilities tracking of check-in, check-out, renewal, recall, fi nes payment, generation of predetermined notification and a host of reports.Circulation is used by the librarians at the counter to perform activities such as borrowing items, returning items, booking, renewal, etc. the patrons activities will be recorded by the system and displayed in the query screen.The functions of Fast Discharging are similar to Discharging. When there is scanner connected to the system, discharging will be executed autoloading(prenominal)ally once the item is scanned. This will increase the efficiency of the librarian, especially when there is a long queue.The relic retract is a request by the customer to the library to ask another customer who has an item checked out to bring it back to the library by specific date.Modify item status Used by the librarians to modify the item status and able to displaying the related items.Reservation scrutiny Used by librarians to search the reserved item which has been given notifications.Item Branch Reassignment The mod ule will be released to satellite enabled site only.Batch Renewal Gives the customer a flexible way to renew the items. By using this application, the customer can renew the items by grouping or one by one for same person.ACQUISITIONEnables librarian to process users requests, realize orders, and generate claim and cancellations. It also enables librarians to process customers purchase requests, to create orders, to generate claims and cancellations, and to record full and partial receipts.Librarians can import records from existing bibliographic databases or perform pre-ordering searches against the Cataloguing database for re-ordering purposes, thus reducing the ordering of duplicates online links with the Library Fund Accounting databases enable libraries to track all expenditures.INFOTRACKEnables customers to keep abreast with the latest events at the library as wholesome as perform searches via features such as Library Map, Library Messages, Library Information, Library Cale ndar, looking for particular books, and journal in OPAC.Customers can patronize through the latest news headlines or books and journals through the Newspaper Headlines and New Arrivals functions respectively. Also has an OPAC function, which permits quick information retrieval, and the sorting and printing of this information. Other facilities include Suggestion Box for obtaining users feedbacks, Patron Enquiry to allow individuals to browse through their personal information, Library Collection and Top 10 listings for librarians.IRSThis module provides features such as creating a thesaurus, profile of patron, generating SDI listings, searching IRS database such as theses, articles in seminars etc.FUND ACCOUNTINGThis module is integrated with the Acquisitions and Serials modules respectively which allows proceedings from the above-mentioned modules to be automatically transferred to the accounting database.SERIALThis module handles ordering, automatic prediction patterns, check-i ns, claims, cancellations and reporting functions.Ilmu featuresIn the ever-evolving world of library automation, ILMU provides organization with the consummate library solutionOpen-Based on industry standards such as OpenURL, XML and ODBC. ILMU offer the ultimate in resource-sharing capabilities, full connectivity, and seamless interaction with other systems and databases.Reliable-The subjective multi-tier client/server structure guarantees that ILMU will meet your needs now and in the future.Flexible- Modular components can be tailored to accommodate the requirements of your constitution or consortium.Easy to use- User-friendly workflows and intuitive graphical interfaces increase staff and patron efficiency.Customizable-Modifiable components enable libraries and consortia of any size to create unique management systems.Multilingual-Full Unicode support provides multidirectional and multiscript text capabilities.L. Candela et al. The DELOS Digital Library Reference position F oundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0.98, February 2008 (PDF)

Are Canadian Political Values Becoming Americanized?

Are Canadian Political set Becoming Americanized?Canada and the United States may be the most extreme field of the minute nation, big neighbor syndrome scarce when asked to point the main differences amid the twain countries, more than 70 people from both the offices said that Canada is on the button like a shadow of America. that what makes them make this confound b paralyzedet? On what basis go for they decided that they atomic number 18 the same? And on the an early(a)(prenominal) cave in why does the reticuloendothelial systemt of the 30% think that they are dissimilar? Going against alone the odds, I would like to oppose the particular that Canadian Values are becoming Americanized by evaluating well(p)nesscare, the global stopping point and the free lot agreement amongst the devil countries.Since the early 90s, the US has been successful in making a security schema for the sometime(a)er people, a medical help for the public assistance recipients w hich can be called disorganized as there was no public funding in the health care center for the rest of the population. Canada on the new(prenominal)wise hand relied on a constitutionally entrenched system of tingeization transfers from arrest to poor soul provinces to balance roughly welfare state provisions, duration the US select no such approach. . When needed, it is easy for Citizens of Canada to crap healthcare or ineluctably some assistance from welfare then it is easily available. The United States have said that they desire to have the same. Along with universal health care, Canadas welfare system is distinct from the United States. As Bashevkin pointed show up, Canadas remain fifty-fifty art object the United States remain uneven.Canada is portrayed as an executive policy-making system with different langu dates and various significant regional bonds, where legislative, executive and judicial situation and control lies largely in the hands of the prime mini ster. This horizontally centralise control system allows Canadian semipolitical elites in a bulk g all overnment to impose their preferences more readily than executives in a horizontally decentralized good example like the US, where a constitutional separation of powers creates nine-fold veto points across the three branches of government. In a more racially divided fraternity with a diffuse congressional regime, American presidents are more often than not unable to command the concentrated institutional levers available to their Canadian counterparts.My next pipeline will state about the free alternate argument between the two countries and its evaluation.Since before Confederation, Canadas national identity has been be in part by its relation- ship to the United States. In Canada, this kinship has been char impresserized by divisive tensions between takers in the economic benefits of scrawnyr moneymaking(prenominal) relations with the US and those who have feared tha t free share would Americanize Canada, each literally in the form of joining the union or figuratively in terms of taxs and conclusion. These conflicts have been particularly evident over the past 15 years, as Canada entered into the Canada-US Free Trade symmetricalness in 1988, which was expanded six years later to include Mexico in the due north American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Opponents of these agreements argued that they would cause jobs to be lost, issue to decline, inequality to increase, Canadas national identity to be chthonicmined, and the capacity to forge char wreakeristic policies to be vitiated. Proponents of free trade claimed that it would foster tremendous economic benefits and vehemently denied that it would lead to the Americanization of Canada.For Canada, globalization is effectively 80 percent Americanization. That figure re toasts the component part of Canadian exports that go to the United States. Clearly, it is too simplistic to reduce the com posite plant temper of US influence to trade relations. Nonetheless, that percentage is an effective image of the importance of the United States in Canadas external relations with the world. Indeed, when one considers the pagan content of the media to which Canadians are exposed, the 80 percent figure is probably conservative. The main theme of the North American integration research for the Project on Trends is that the consequences of continental integration have not been as formidable as widely believed. Despite a cunning rise in trade dependence as a result of the Free Trade Agreement and growing American dominance of global media, the border between the two countries still calculates. Admittedly, some policy instruments have been surrendered in exchange for main course to larger markets. In addition, pressures for harmonization do exist, and have probably in- creased. But Canada still retains significant room to manoeuvre even in the areas of policy most makeed by growi ng economic integration. (Hoberg, G. 350)The next argument is related to Globalization and Culture.With its awe-inspiring char transactioneristics like limited government, an open society and Internationalism, Canada holds a position somewhere between France and United States when it comes to Cultural Politics. honest like India and Nepal, Canada and United States practice International Culture co-operation by gentle themselves in bipartite and multipartite activities.Like Kevin V. MULCAHY said that it represents an interesting elusion when countries like Canada-United States define statements like where you sit determines where you stand. For the United States, culture is judged generally to be a sidebar in the spectrum of politics among nations, as cultural panorama is more often considered to be a commodity than a value of identity. For Canada, culture is a much more central concern in its bilateral relations with the United States presumptuousness this asymmetrical relation ship.The International trade agreement has really affected the cultural, political and economic relations between the two countries, to a limit that is very unusual but the exquisite provisions of such a consignment, the work process of the cultural heavens can clean-living raise a debate on this political subject of Canadian Values becoming Americanized. Even though Canada is crank about its identification and coherence, there is awareness and the cultural practices ARE given a lot of importance.The counter argumentsVirtually, the cultural relations of these 2 peas in a pod may have their own identity in their own divergent and heterogeneous ways between power and littler neighbor commonality, their adjoining population and keeping in mind the geographic condition of Canada. This may conclude for many new(prenominal)s that Cultural, Rational and Political cock of Canadian Values and Culture stand more on the side of dependency of the United States.As is often the case, wher e a small nation has a big neighbor, geographic propinquity can create awkward, even difficult, cultural relations. (De la Garde, Gilsdorf, and Wechselmann, 1993) None of this is to suggest a loss of Canadian political sovereignty. Yet, Canada has had to grapple with a persistent stereotype of being the fifty-first American state. As such, colonialism (the cultural dominance of a stronger power over some other) persists in its post-colonial era moreover, there is a significant question about whether political sovereignty can be sustained without cultural independence and the concurrence value of individual identity. In sum, how can a distinct Canadian identity thrive in the face of a hegemonic American culture?Evidence- Canada does not have that unique point which acts as an advantage of differentiating them and liberal them an edge over the other countries like the United States does. For example scarce one percent of the movies that Americans watch are foreign (Mulcahy,2003).Th e attitude and their extensive cultural diversities that American Industry has, galvanizes the fact about the Americanization of Canada.The US has clearly been dominating the Canada Free Trade agreement since the beginning of this new decade. The aspiration with the UK and US were preety much the same since the early 19th Century but after the Second World War there was a clear increase in trade with the US. The imports were measurable but the imports were much more from the US then it was from the UK. The world war had clearly leave a major impact on the trade and the economic policies. The markets were devastated as 70% of the imports for Canada came from the US.In the wake of the Free Trade Agreement, there was a sharp (15 percentage point) increase in Canadas dependence on trade with the US. In 1998, total exports constituted a staggering 40 percent of GDP, with the US accounting for 84 percent of that total,Or 33 percent of GDP. Thus, while trade dependence was quite high p reviously, the current levels of trade dependence, globally and on the US in particular, are record setting.The RebuttalAlthough small in population, Canada is home to two major linguistic societies and may be ideally positioned to mediate a global cultural perspective that is an alternative to the hegemony of American entertainment. A hybrid Canadian culture, which is post-colonial, bi-lingual and multi-cultural, could serve as a model for other nations that seek to retain their heritage and identity without retreating into autarky or dependency.Like Kevin said Unlike Canada, the United States does not have such a distinct society, whichAccounts for about 22% of its population. Accordingly, Canadian commitment toMulticulturalism has had to accommodate both individual rights and collective rights. In the U.S., everyone is legally equal to be American. In Canada, one is guaranteed the right to be Canadian, as well as the right to retain ones ascriptive identity. In this sense, Cana da has had significant experience with policies that encourage cultural diversity. Canadian culture does not rest as to a great extent on American principles of assimilation and homogenization rather, there is accommodation and heterogeneity. As a broad generalization, Canada is a cultural mosaic in compare to the American melting pot.Talking about the Free Trade Agreement, I agreed Canada has a few tough choices to make and the road frontwards is not smooth but it is attainable. The Free Trade Area of the Americas is under negotiation, but the US Congress denied President Clinton the fast-track authority necessary to get Americans properly engaged. Nonetheless, the momentum still appears to be in the direction of increase rather than decreasing international economic integration. Given the geography of trade, it seems marvelous that even if these agreements fail to go forward, the close integration of the Canadian and US economies is likely to change in any funda mental way.Con clusion cosmos a part of North America and sitting right on the North of North America, it is not surprising that many might believe that Canada is slowly turning to be a sub-nation or is becoming Americanized but considering the facts like healthcare, welfare, the free trade agreement and other policies and various other divisors of the political culture of this country would clearly define them to be different then the United States of America.Even the free trade agreement gives Canada quite an edge over the US. The imports might have been higher as compared to the exports in the early 2000 but ever since after that the imports have been similar to the exports i.e. 70%..The culture of Canada is totally different as compared to the United States even though they celebrate the same festivals the way they celebrate is different and differences like these affect a lot and leave a major impact when differentiating the two countries.The culture has always been kind of similar but that does not misbegot that Canada is becoming Americanized. The government is totally different and the only part which I think is becoming Americanized is that Canada has more Starbucks now than it used to. hook make known Essay intimate Offences judicatory Report Essay Sexual OffencesCourt ReportName of the Court The Supreme Court of the Australian peachy Territory ( doing) (the Supreme Court)Location 6 Knowles Place Canberra ACT 2600Honourable Judge Justice Hilary Ruth PenfoldCourt Room No No.5 in Supreme Court buildingName of the case R v Michael John StratfordCase No. (SCC250/2016)Defendant Michael John Stratford (Grandfather) take care of hearing 22.03.2017Time of hearing of case 12.30pmLegislation Crimes present 1900 (ACT) groundingOn 22 March 2017 at 1230pm, I tended to(p) the criminal trial of R v Michael John Stratford (SCC250/2016) in Court Room 5 of the ACT Supreme Court located 6 Knowles Place Canberra ACT 2600 where Honable Justice Hilary Ruth Penfold heard the matte r and sentence hand down to the awaken/offender. Present in the hail room was Crown Prosecutor, who was assisted by an instructing solicitor from the Director commonplace Prosecutions. Representation for the defendant included defence barrister and instructing by solicitor. Also present at the trial were court officers, members of the public and the family members of victim and accused.THE CHARGEthe accused aged sixty-four-year-old was charged with the ten time versed offences/ improperness act with his 12-year-old granddaughter without her harmonize which carries minimum sentence of 12 year of gyves. However, s70(2) of Crimes wreak1 allows the board to produce alternative verdict for an act of indecency (s60(1))2 instead, which carries a maximum punishment of 7 year of imprisonment3.FACTS OF THE CASEMr. Statford was charged under the offence of indecency act with his granddaughter. He committed this crime in his own folk while his son and daughter-in-law was going to N ew Zealand for business trip and left their daughter for babysitting into his real parents house. Accused was the real grandfather of victim. The age of the victim was 12-year-old and age of accused/offender was 64 year old at the time of knowledgeable act of indecency. Accused did ten measure act of indecency with his granddaughter. Accuseds wife who are also real granny knot of the victim was witness of that act when accused did that tenth time with victim and then she reported to the police. According to Mr. Statford, victim also involved with consent in that activity. He also stated that he always asked permit from victim before did that act.IS THIS A SUMMARY MATTER OR indictable MATTER?This is an indictable matter because these types of offenses are spartan in nature and requires many hearing and take a longer time to resolve. gore and Judge consider each aspect of this matter for conclusion and for final exam verdict. This matter was reported to police in July 2016 and today court hand down sentence to the offender/accused.PAST HISTORY AND CRIMINAL embark OF ACCUSEDHonable judge read-out some previous life and criminal recital of accused that Mr. Statford was a single parent child and abused by his mother also faced financial hardship. He has ten charge of theft in 1998 and 6 charge of dishonesty but not on his real name. He was also patient of two mental hospital one was Batsman-Bay Hospital and other was Goulbourn Mental Hospital.THE LAWSexual Intercourse without ConsentCrimes Act 1900(ACT) Section 54A soulfulness who engages in genderual intercourse with another person without the consent of that other person and who knows that that other person does not consent, or who is reckless as to whether that other person consents, to the sexual intercourse is guilty of an offence punishable, on conviction, by imprisonment for 12 years.4Indecent assaults/Acts of IndecencyCrimes Act 1900 (ACT)S60 Act of indecency without consent(1) A person who comm its an act of indecency on, or in the presence of, another person without the consent of that person and who knows that that other person does not consent, or who is reckless as to whether that other person consents, to the committing of the act of indecency is guilty of an offence punishable, on conviction, by imprisonment for 7 years.5Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)S61L Indecent assaultAny person who assaults another person and, at the time of, or immediately before or after, the assault, commits an act of indecency on or in the presence of the other person, is liable to imprisonment for 5 years.6Act of Indecency with consent or without consentIndecency is an ordinary English word which means untoward behaviour. It is for the jury to decide that whether the facts of the case amount to indecency or not.7 Generally, it has sexual meaning which followed by the ordinary meaning approach which connected with the areas of the dead body associated with the sexual activity.8 Courts has also referr ed to what right-minded persons would consider in directing the jury This case also recognized that some conduct might be considered inherently indecent, some might be vague. (This case Accused had spanked 12-year missy across the buttocks admitted to buttock fetish).9ELEMENT OF THE OFFENCEPhysical element (Actus Res) of this caseIn my observation while I was listening the sentencing order, actus res was present and the conduct of offender was voluntary during every time he touched the private parts of victims body and also did the indecency act while no body present at home and he repeated that act of indecency several times.Fault element (Mens Rea) of this case wrongdoers intention towards victim was not good. Offender has knowledge about his act which he did with victim. He had malafide intention of sexual act towards victim.Mental gene of Indecent AssaultUnder common law, accused intentionally or recklessly touched victims body or intentionally or recklessly threatened that u nlawful force would be applied.10PURPOSE OF THIS OFFENCEIn my opinion, there was two purpose of this offenceAccused/Offender had shameful hidden fantasy about incest and fulfilled his dark fantasy.Accused/Offender had a psychiatric disorder named Pedophilia11 in which a person has sexual attraction to prepubescent children, generally age 13 years or younger. arbitrator PENFOLDS CONSIDERATION TOWARDS ACCUSEDPrior to sentencing Mr Statford, Justice Penfold discussed the following observations of Mr Parkinsons setCriminal record of theft and dishonesty.An unhappy childhood, with an abusive mentally ill mother.Financial hardship.Employment history comprising mainly trade and labour jobs. patient of in two Mental hospital one was Goulbourn Hospital and other was Batsman bay hospital.Unsuccessful married life. Three time divorced. ii time tried to suicide due to his mental condition/JUSTICE PENFOLDS CONSIDERATION TOWARDS VICTIM12-year-old girl who never know what happed with her.Breach of send towards trustworthy relations.Her short but strong statement, you have to kept this privy(p) from everyone.TOTAL PENALTY/SENTENCE AWARDED BY COURTGenerally maximum penalty of this offence is 7 years of imprisonment 12but after all consideration and circumstances as well as observations of jury in this matter, Honable court awarded sentence 6 year and 6 month of imprisonment. polishAfter attending a sentence hearing, now I agnize that there is a lot of considerations to be taken while sentencing and sentencing is a really complicated and complex issue. In my opinion, accused did very serious offense which might affected the mental health of victim in future as well as worst impact on society because it is also a matter of trust between the close relations. To conclude this, I strongly agreed with the sentence handed out by the Honable judge. I also understand that a persons past history and relevant cases must be taken into consideration when assessing these types of issu es. Finally, through sex offender programme in relation to child abuse should interrupt the offender from committing the crimes again.BibliographyA- BooksDavid, Brown, David Farrier Sundra Egger Luke McNamara Alex steel Michael Grewcock and Donna spears, Criminal Laws materials and commentary on Criminal Law and Process of New South Wales (The Federation fight 6th ed, 2015)B- LegislationCrimes Act 1900 (NSW)Crimes Act 1900 (ACT)Criminal Code 1995 (Cth)1 Crimes Act 1900 (ACT).2 Ibid.3 Ibid, s60.4 Ibid.5 Ibid.6 Crimes Act 1900 (NSW).7 R v Nazif 1987 2 NZLR 122 at 127.8 Harkin (1989) 38 A Crim R 296 at 301.9 R v Court 1989 AC 28 at 42 per Lord Acker.10 Drago v The Queen (1992) 8 WAR 488.11 https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia12 Crimes Act 1900 (ACT) s60.

Dangers With Living in Close Proximity to Power Lines

Dangers With Living in Close Proximity to Power LinesResearch TaskASSESSMENT OF DANGERS ASSOCIATED WITH lifespan IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO POWER LINESGALLE ROBERTSONIntroduction on that point befool been several deliberations nearly(predicate) the biologic effects of impression to galvanic and charismatic field (EMF) and their possible detrimental effects on the health of sympathetics and animals over the years. Illnesses attributed to function lines include abnormal heart pulses, leukaemia, genus Cancers, miscarriages, stand defects, and other conditions that might lead to premature death. Regardless of the conclusions of m any studies that attain no evident risks, many people remain uncertain about the safety of situation lines. The aim of this probe is to de terminationine and discuss the ethical issues behind occasion lines in residential beas and whether in that respect are dangers that should be seriously considered.Research QuestionAre electro magnetic field s round power lines harmful to people living in close law of proximity to them?HypothesisThose exposed to power lines in close proximity for farseeing periods of time may obtain health problems however the power lines are non the main reasonableness of the health issue but rather a factor. The reason for this is that there is not sufficient investigate conducted to test that power lines are dangerous and that no health programmes have hash out people to refrain from living near power lines or protect them from them either. There are many possible risks associated with electromagnetic radiation as it is not only available from power lines but excessively from utensil such as microwave ovens, computers, wireless ne cardinalrks and cell phones. However these are more(prenominal) powerful forms of electromagnetic fields that are essentially more detrimental to human health than power lines.Data Research on the whole galvanizing carity is generated, transmitted, or used a nd electric and magnetic fields are created due to the innovation and motion of electric charges. (Gledhill, 2014) An electromagnetic field (EMF) has two components an electric field and a magnetic field. When two objects have a potential drop difference in the midst of them, an electric field is created. There is an electric field between a power line and the ground downstairs because the power line is at a large voltage coitus to the ground. (Nedlands, 2006)The electric field is measured in volts per meter (V/m) or in kilovolts per meter (kV/m). (See number 1 be slump) A magnetic field exists when electric current flows through a wire. Thus magnetic fields butt on the power lines conducting current from the power station to residential areas. (Geoff Cackett, 1979)Transformers decrease these amply voltages for local dispersal to homes and businesses.Figure 1 Graph indicating the relationship between the Magnetic Field and Distance from the High-Voltage Power Line (Runge, 2011)The magnetic field from a power line can vary extensively because the current in the wires depends on the amount of power expended. In contrast, the electric field from a power line varies very little because the voltage fundamentally remains constant. In general, these fields are time-varying vector quantities reason by a number of constraints which include their oftenness, phase, direction, and magnitude. (Portier, 1998) galvanizing and magnetic fields (EMFs) are areas of zipper that are invisible and connected with the usage of electrical power(Birnbaum, 2014)EMFs are characterized by wavelength or absolute frequency into one of two hot categories non-ionizing and ionizing.( See Figure 2 below) High-voltage power lines that transmit electrical energy expose anything nearby to electromagnetic radiation as they create electromagnetic fields around them. (Goldberg, 2014) Electromagnetic radiation is any form of energy that is sent as waves or rays between two places. Elect ricity and magnetics are both jointly responsible for many kinds of radiation. (Knapp, 2002)Figure 2 Table indicating differences between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation types (Gledhill, 2014)The strongest EMFs are found around those major(ip) transmissioned lines that carry the highest voltages and currents. EMFs are also present around suburban distribution systems that carry large currents but at much lower voltages,. (Nedlands, 2006)Electric and magnetic fields are also different in the authority they interact with our bodies. Electric fields have very little penetration, opus magnetic fields can penetrate to our inner organs. (Toufexis, 1989)A biological effect is any change that could occur either short term or unyielding term in the physical state of the human trunk. (Runge, 2011) EMFs are able to induce the conductive content of the human body and may result in observed changes in the human health. The epidemiological studies have inspired laboratory research into how EMFs could be associated with cancer. It is generally recognised by researchers that EMFs cannot initiate a cancer. They suggest or else that EMFs may play a part in promoting the growth of an alert cancer.Researchers from the University of Tasmania and Britains Bristol University(See Figure 3 below) found that in a study of 850 lymphoma, leukaemia and cancer interrelated conditions that living for an elongated period near high-voltage power lines increased the risk for these conditions much later in life (Zeman, 2011). However, the British Medical Journal published a paper on the investigation of the effect of 50 Hz magnetic fields on the existence of several types of cancer and concluded by stating that the extremely low frequency magnetic fields of high voltage power lines at distinctive residential levels do not appear to be associated with an increase in cancer among various adults this also pertains for the haematological malignancies and for tumours of the nervous sys tem as well as for the male and female hormone related cancers in genitals. (Verkasalo., 1996) As for specific cancer types, the presence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields remains indefinite. Numerous studies appear to display a weak association between incidence of some cancers and the exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields. The reason for this is that the electromagnetic energy from power lines are of extremely low frequency and therefore low energy. They are evidently different in frequency from ionizing radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays and are non-ionizing. biologic material absorbs the energy from higher-frequency more readily. In contrast, extremely low frequency EMF does not have enough energy to heat body tissues or cause ionization. Generally, the evidence that power line fields cause or donate to cancer is weak to non-existent according to most scientists.Figure 3 The study conducted by the University of Tasmania and Britains Bristol University produ ced these results. (Zeman, 2011)According to ESKOM and several other studies, electric fields of the intensity encountered close to power lines, cannot hurt crops. (See Figure 4 below) Laboratory studies that expose animals to electromagnetic fields, looking for variations in body function, chemistry, conduct or general health and have also concluded that they have no effect on the fertility, behaviour, carcass quality, re turnout, meat, milk and egg production or the development of their offspring. (Rayleigh, 2006)Figure 4 Table indicating results of various investigations conducted on the effects of power lines on crops (Rayleigh, 2006)Disadvantages of power lines in residential areaslate(a) studies approve a reported association between eminent long term health risks (e.g. cancer) and proximity to residential power lines, but it is not certain if the observation is coincidental or not. Physical impossibility of any health effect has been argued by scientists due to weak levels of EMFs, while others assert that the potential health risks should not be terminated. (Zeman, 2011)The World wellness presidency (WHO) publications state that EMF such as those from power lines, can also cause short term symptoms such as headaches, fatigue,anxiety, insomnia, prickling and/or burning skin, rashesand muscle pain. (Verkasalo., 1996)Power lines are not visually appeal in residential areas and are more prone to external damage as they are exposed to people living around them.Advantages of power lines in residential areasHouse prices are less expensive next to power lines as people usually look for homes without obstructions.Any technical or maintenance problems are fixed as soon as possible as many people depend on the residential power lines.There is no compelling evidence of health hazards from power lines as many forms or research indicate that some health risks are associated with power lines in close proximity but it does not prove that they are the direct cau se of any biological dangers. (Goldberg, 2014) closing curtainTherefore there are known health risks that appear to relate to power lines and their electromagnetic fields emitted but no evidence all in all proves that biological effects have been conclusively demonstrated to be caused by living near high-voltage power lines. Many scientists believe that exposure to the low-level EMFs near power lines is safe, but some scientists continue research to look for possible health risks associated with these fields. The risks are clearly small if there are any risks associated with living near power lines.ReferencesBirnbaum, L. S., 2014. Department of Health and Human Services. Online Available at http//www.niehs.nih.gov/about/od/index.cfm Accessed 2 frightful 2014.Geoff Cackett, R. K. A. S., 1979. Core Physics. In C. Ratray, ed. Oxford Oxford University Press, p. 211.Gledhill, M., 2014. Electromagnetic fields (EMF). Online Available at http//www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/ Access ed 2 marvellous 2014.Goldberg, R. B., 2014. Environment, Health and Safety. Online Available at http//www.ehso.com/ehshome/emf.htm Accessed 2 prideful 2014.Knapp, B., 2002. Visual Science Encyclopedia. In M. Sanders, ed. Heat and Energy. Danbury Grolier Educational, pp. 13-14.Nedlands, 2006. Powerlines, Electromagnetic field and Health. Online Available at http//www.public.health.wa.gov.au/cproot/1372/2/Powerlines_Electromagnetic_Fields_and_Health.pdf Accessed 2 August 2014.Portier, C. J., 1998. National base of Environmental Health Sciences. Online Available at http//www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/emf1.pdf Accessed 2 August 2014.Rayleigh, R., 2006. EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS, IONS AND NOISE. Online Available at http//oregonstate.edu/dept/coarc/sites/default/files/publication/88 DC lines cattle crops (88).pdf Accessed 2 August 2014.Runge, K., 2011. Eskom Fact Sheet. Online Available at http//www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid. Accessed 3 August 2014.Toufexis, A., 1989. Health Panic Over Power Lines. time Magazine, 127 July , pp. 40-42.Verkasalo., D., 1996. British Medical Journal. Online Available at http//www.bmj.com/content/313/7064/1047.abstract Accessed 3 August 2014.Zeman, G., 2011. Health Physics Society. Online Available at http//hps.org/hpspublications/articles/powerlines.html Accessed 3 August 2014. glossaryPlagiarism Checker1 Page

Factors Affecting Buildability of Building Designs

Factors Affecting Buildability of make DesignsBuildability is increasingly become a major requirement in construct face practice. The posture of buildability is use to alter the efficiency of boilers suit mental synthesis mould by developing winding sensitive visualises.Nowadays, in Malaysia face industriousness, in that respect nominate facing a lot of problem that give impede the estimate to process smoothly. In this research, it leave al ace highlight what buildability is. through and through and through this we arsehole deeply lowstand what buildability is and how important it was in the social system labor.Moreover, in this research, we wish to predominate start and identify the buildability attributes in create stick come in in Malaysia kink industry. There atomic number 18 many buildability attributes have impact in the twist invent. If the devices proceed without a cheeseparing buildability carry offment, it pull up stakes train many problem s to the dispatch. So in this research, besides that identifying the buildability attributes, we also wish to pick up out the greatness take for each of these attributes.AIMThis report atomic number 18 have the bestmind to find out the factors that affect buildability of look function in the Malaysian look industry.OBJECTIVEIn nightspot to get hold of the aim of the report, the following ar the objectives of this researchTo take in what is buildability and factors whitethorn affect it in expression programTo find out and identify the buildability attributes in building design in the Malaysian winding industryTo measure the direct of importance of different buildability attributesResearch MethodologyLiterature ReviewThe take of the literary productions criticism is given us to understanding what buildability in the mental synthesis industry is and how important it was. This research methodological analysis may include definitions, ideas and practices of cereb rate topics. as well as that, we tail end study and analyze to the relevant books, journals, internet and etc., as kn knowledge as secondary data, that related to the topic buildability. Through those revue sources, the important point volition be noted d consume and gadget for us to writing the literature review.The below argon showing that the literature search that ordain be carried out- sterilize the definition of buildability/ constructabilityDefine the principle and concept of buildability/ constructabilityDetermine the factor affecting buildability in building design in wrenchDetermine the building attributes and the aim of importance for each attributeQuestionnaireQuestionnaire is cheered as one of the research method, because it is easier for analyzing the data, stintingal and the guessing can be tested. Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a serial publication of questions and/or in difference grouping for the purpose of gathering the reading f rom respondents.To gain more nurture of this research, copies of questionnaire will be sent out to the tress companies and they atomic number 18 needed to express their opinions found on their experience. In this questionnaire, there atomic number 18 empty spaces provide for the respondents to giving their comment or suggest other building attributes which are not included. This questionnaire will bearing to the professionals much(prenominal) as architect, engineer, range manager, quantity surveyor and others in the affirmer industry firm in Malaysia.From the research title, to determine the level of importance of buildability attributes in this research, the classification of the rating scales is employ. The questionnaire is based on LIKERT SCALE format. It is a wide used instrument in measuring opinions. A likert item is merely a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate consort to any smorgasbord of subjective or objective criteria and generally the level o f agreement or disagreement is measured. 5 point likert scale being used as it may produce slightly higher mean scores recounting to the highest attainable score.This will be carried out in the final pose of research methodology. The results/ comments get from the respondents will be analyze and present in table or graph in order to provide a clearer view of boilersuit research with writing up the contents of the dissertation. Besides this, analysis and interpretation would be done to gather all the information and data.DISSERTATION ORGANIZATIONChapter 1- IntroductionChapter 1 provides an introduction of the chapter that giving a brief about our proposal. In this chapter it includes introduction/ background, problem statement, aim, objectives, research methodology and working program for the dissertation.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThrough the review of literature/ articles related to our research topic the important point will be written in this chapter. Journals, books and info rmation from the internet will be the source of the information or data to doing this buildability title dissertation. This chapter are aim to provide a main picture of the association to us in the first place the research is carried out.Chapter 3 Research Design and MethodologyQuestionnaire will be designed based on the objective and information that we want to find out. These questionnaires will be sent to different eddy industry companies in Malaysia to collect data to conduct next step of dissertation.Chapter 4 data Analysis and Results DiscussionsThe collected information from the respondents will be evaluated and analyzed in table or graph with explanation.Chapter 5 ConclusionsThis chapter will conclude and recommend the boilers suit results of the survey for further research.REFERENCESCrowther,.P. Design For Buildability and The de reflectionism Consequences, Design for De reflexion and Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 272.Lam, P.T.I., Wong, F.K.W., Wong, F.W.H. 2007. expression features and set-specific factors affecting buildability in Hong Kong, Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, Vol 5, No 2.Mydin S.H., Zin R.M., Majid M.Z.A, Zahidi M. and Memon A.H. 2011. Buildability Attributes at Design Phase In Malaysian Building eddy, outside(a) Journal of Sustainable gimmick Engineering Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 1.Wong, F.W.H, Lam, P.T.I, Chan, E.H.W. and Wong F.K.W. 2006. Factors Affecting Buildability of Building Design, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33.7, pg 79CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE reappraisalINTRODUCTIONBuildability or constructability has a huge area of study and it was real important in a look industry. The aim of these literature reviews are to study and highlight the area that the buildability attributes that may affect the building design in Malaysia winding industry.The first reviews that will focus in this chapter are definition of buildability, then coming up with the principles and concepts of buildability whic h have be by different countries. Moreover, this review also focuses on the factors that may affect the buildability by identify the buildability attributes in building design.BUILDABILITY/CONSTRUCTABILITYDEFINITION OF BUILDABILITYSince the buildability is important in the social organization industry, so there are many researchers from different countries has identify and influenced buildability based on their studies.Based on the several articles study and resources, it found that the one of the widely definition that can be accepted which is define by the Construction application Research and Information Association (CIRIA), 1983, it utter that the buildability is the extent to which the design of a building drives ease of aspect, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building (Wong, Lam, Chan and Wong, 2006B.p. 796).Besides the definition delimitate by CIRIA, there also have another definition which was founded with specific aim of improve the wrench t otal quality watchfulness and the overall cost potence and be as constructability is the effective and sentencely integration of construction knowledge into the conceptual preparation, design, construction and field operation of a render to hand the overall bear objectives in the trump possible time and the true at the most cost-effective level by Construction industriousness Institute (as known as CII) in year 1986 (Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796).According to The Construction Industry in Australia (CIIA), Griffith and Sidwell (1997), has delimit constructability as a system to blend if construction knowledge in the ejection delivery process and rapprochement the various labor movement and environmental constraints to achieve the project goals and building accomplishment at the optimal level.(Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796)Buildability process Research Group (BPRG), Chen and McGeorge (1994), delimitate buildability as the extent to which decisions, made during the whole build ing procurance process, ultimately facilitate the ease of construction and the quality of the completed project which buildability as a management to goals the project by recognize the factors affected the project (Eng, 2002.p. 117).In the other hand, there are other researchers have derived their own definitions based on their studying in buildability, such as-Ferguson (1989) buildability was defined as the ability to construct a building efficiently economically and to agreed quality levels from its constituent materials, components and sub-assemblies (Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796.)Williams (1982) buildability was defined as the most economic and efficient way of putting a building together.(Yang, 2004)Illingworth (1984) buildability was defined as a design and inside information which recognize the company process in achieving the desired result safety and at least cost to the client.(Yang, 2004)In year 1996, Moore has modified the definition defined by Illingworth as a design ph ilosophy, which is recognizes and addresses the problems of the assembly process in achieving the construction of the design product, some(prenominal) safety and without resort to standardization or project level simplification.(Yang, 2004)Lueprasert (1996), constructability has defined as an important characteristic of structural design and rate conditions of construction project which determines the level of complexity of executing the correlative structural assembly tasks.(Yang, 2004)Moreover, there are few researchers believed that constructability are significantly different with buildability. The differences amidst buildability and constructability are that buildability is a design-oriented concept but constructability is concern the whole project processing. But also have some researchers thought that there are no difference between buildability and constructability, the only is buildability is usually used in UK and constructability is often used in USA. (Yang, 2004)PRINC IPLES AND CONCEPTS OF BUILDABILITYAccording to Eng, (2002, p. 112), Buildability or Constructability has been used and evolved in the construction management in the late 1970s in coupled Kingdom, but its potential was not been fully exploited in construction industry at the time. Nowadays, buildability is increasingly become an integral transgress of the construction industry in many countries because it was a technique used to manage the construction process during the pre-construction play. According to Low et.al, (2008), buildability aim is to ensure the impacts of design details are recognized and considered in the earlier stage to stretch and/or prevent errors, delays and allows a cost go for to the overall project others. Together with this, it will enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the industry. Moreover, Low study also tell the summarized of buildability principles that defined by some researchers such as Adams (1989), Ferguson (1989), Gray (1984), Griffi th and Sidwell (1995), Tatum (1987) and others as shown as below-Efficiency and economical building production to ensure efficient and economical production of a building, a logical organization of the sequence of assembly is necessary. The building organization mustinessiness ensure continuity of construction work by having food management due to labors, machineries and materials delivery to achieve this principle (OConnor, 1985).Simplicity this principles saying that the room decorators of the project must try to produce the simplest possible details compatible with the overall requirement for the building especially for the buildings group of elements (Ferguson, 1989 Bishop, 1985).Tolerance Level the building design should recognize its tolerances which are normally attainable under put conditions. Different the materials and components used on site have its different motif and different jointing methods required. Therefore, practical level of tolerance adopted is necessary for the materials and components (Ferguson, 1989). initiation use any innovative ideas that can enhance the buildability of a project. The contractor should try to bring in new machineries or methods of working that can improve the productivity and allow construction process more efficiency. to begin with bring in the ideas, consideration of the level of skills available in industry is required. (Tatum, 1987).Proper scheduling a good scheduling of kit and caboodle may allow construction proceed smoothly and right on track. The construction sequence should be practical to allow for a continuous accrue of work to minimize delays of works (Gugel and Russell, 1994).Repetition and standardization to reduce time consuming for constructions, the building elements should be design that encourages appropriate repetition and standardization, it may help to reduce cost, risk and error by exploitation quick and standard items in construction (Adams, 1989 Ferguson, 1989).Participation and confabulation project aggroup members with relevant knowledge should be encourage to take part all level of construction. They can give their opinion and suggestion during early grooming stage to reduce problem in future. Clear project information should be planned and coordinated to suit the construction process and facilitate the best possible communication and understanding on site (Fischer and Tatum, 1997).Avoid equipment casualty by subsequent works the design should change the works that carried out will not have risk of damage due to side by side(predicate) finished elements and with stripped-down requirements for special protection. This would reduce the need for return visits to site to repair damage. By doing few times checking to the completed works is reform to reduce the project completion period (OConnor and Tucker, 1986).(Source Low et.al, 2008)McGeorge and Palmer (1997) have determine that buildability and constructability is the only management concept to h ave been designed and developed by the construction industry (Eng, 2002). This is because they think that the separation of designs and construction processes is unique to the construction industry. Eng also mentioned that the report in early 1960s, division between the process of design and construction was recognized as contributing to inefficiencies passim the construction industry. (Eng, 2002).Emmerson (1962) has determine that insufficient documentation before tender, inefficient pre-contract design procedures and lacks of communication among the architects, consultants and contractors appointed are the factors that cause the problem occurred (Eng, 2002). Moreover, Banwell, (1964) suggested that the contractor who is too cold from the design stage for his specialized knowledge can be participate in traditional contracting situation. (Eng, 2002.p. 111).In the other hand, Banwell report also highlighted that the complexities of recent construction and its requirement for spec ialized techniques demand that the design process and the construction stage should not be regarded as separate fields of activity. (Eng, 2002.p. 111) growth OF BUILDABILITY/CONSTRUCTABILITY CONCEPTThrough different groups of researchers, a number of stages in the evolution of the buildability or constructability concept are been identified and related to research efforts in different parts (Eng, 2002). According to Eng (2002) study, it shows the groups of researchers from different countries that have evaluated the evolution of buildability/constructability, which areConstruction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) UKConstruction Industry Institute (CII) USAConstruction Industry Institute of Australia (CIIA)Building Performance Research Group (BPRG) University of Newcastle in AustraliaIn the early research interpreted by CIRIA and UK researches, they regarded that buildability is problem that arose from the division between builders and designers led researchers to focus on skillful issue and site and construction planning (Gray, 1983 Adam, 1989 Ferguson, 1989). (Eng, 2002.p. 112)Besides that, Eng verbalise that most industry researchers and commentators are tended to see buildability as a serve up that is within the influence or control of the designer. Illingworth (1984) has suggested that the problem of buildability was become spend because the designers and professional team are resented contractors involve and giving their opinions during the design stage.(Eng, 2002.p. 112)In addition, CII had used industry courting studies to investigate the constructability problem in construction industry to allow the researchers to understanding the issues. This carried out the understanding of different stages of project life cycle which would relate to different issues in constructability (Eng, 2002).Furthermore, CIIA also used the case studies to enable a holistic perspective to be maintained. CIIA have proposed 12 principles would be rele vant with different em descriptors due to the different project life cycle. For BPRG at University of Newcastle in Australia, they started with conceptualize the buildability problem as one that derived from a complex system and they proposed that the concepts of buildability is needed to recognize the factors in a project environment which may affected in the design process, construction process and the link between them (Eng, 2002).CIRIA RESEARCH IN BUILDABILITYThe definition of buildability defined by CIRIA has shown at the above. Though that we know that CIRIA definition is focused between designs and construction the factors has been implied which are solely within the influence or control of the design team those have a significant impact on the ease if construction of a project (Eng, 2002). The concept was recognized as an issue within an integrated design management context. A good buildability are formed based on a building design, coordinate or other which had been consid er in the construction anatomy with fury on the method of construction, activities, sequence of works and way incorporated into the overall design (Eng, 2002).In additional, Eng study had showing the 16 guiding principles for achieving buildability which was identified and developed by Adams (1989), CIRIA, as below-Investigate thoroughly sum up accessibility at the design stage mean storage at design stageDesign for early enclosureDesign for minimum time below ground workSuitable materials useConsider for the local skill availableDesign for simple assembly intent for maximize repetition and standardizationMaximize the use of plant stop for sensible tolerancesAllow for a practical sequence of trading operations platform to avoid change to workAvoid return visits on site do it right in first timeSafe construction designClearly communication(Source Adam, (Eng, 2002))CONSTRUCTABILITY DEVELOPTMENT BY CIIAccording to Eng (2002), has mentioned that CII used case studies to identify diff erent of requirements for the planning stage (Tatum et.al, 1986), engineering and procurement phases of a project (OConnor et.al., 1986) and improvement of constructability that able to make during field operations (OConnor and Davis, 1988). In additional, they had identified and presented 6 concepts for the planning stage, 7 concepts for the design and procurement phase and 1 for field operations phase which showing below-conceptual Planning StageBasic design approaches consider major construction methodsConstructability programs are an integral part of project of project implementation plans drift planning requires construction knowledge and experienceEarly construction meshing in the development of contracting strategyProject schedules are construction sensitiveSite layouts show efficient of constructionDesign and procurance StageDesign for accessibility, materials and equipmentDesign for construction in adverse suffer and remotes locationsDesign and procurement schedules are construction sensitiveDesign to enable efficient constructionDesign elements are standardizeConstruction and procurement efficiency are specifications developedDesign for modularization to facilitate fabrication/ ditField OperationContractors use innovative methods(Source Tatum et.al OConnor et.al OConnor and Davis (Eng, 2002))CONSTRUCTABILITY PRINCIPLES BY CIIAFor CIIA, they have review to the work of CII, and some developed construction information within the Australian context (Eng, 2002). At the beginning, they are 17 principles are being identified and tested. In the other hand, more than twenty of the personnel who experienced in construction are given feedback due to this tested. Through the test, Constructability Principles File (CIIA, 1992) has shown 12 concepts of constructability to represent current best practice applicable over fiver projects life cycle stages, which are feasibility studies stage, conceptual design stage, details design stage, construction stage and po st construction stage (Eng, 2002). The dozen principles espoused were-PRINCIPLESDESCRIPTIONIntegrationConstructability must be made an integral part of project plan.Construction KnowledgeProject planning must actively involve construction knowledge and experience.Team SkillsProject team must be appropriate for the project based on their experience, skills and etc. collective ObjectivesProject team understanding against clients corporate and project objective to improve constructability.Available ResourcesTechnology use in design solution must be matched with the skills and resources available.External factorsExternal factors might affect the cost and program of the project.Program of projectOverall project program must be realistic and have the commitment of the project team.Construction MethodologyConstruction methodology must be considered in project design.AccessibilityConstructability will be meliorate if accessibility is considered good in the design stage of project.Specifi cationsConstructability improved when efficiency considered in specification development.Construction entryConstructability improved when innovation techniques is usedFeedbackPost construction analysis is undertaken to allow constructability can be enhanced on future projectsTable Principles by CIIA (Francis and Sidwell (Eng, 2002))CONSTRUCTABILITY CONCEPTS BY MALAYSIAN RESEARCHERAccording to Nawi, Kamar, Lee, Hamid, Abdullah, Haron and Ariff (2009), stated that in Malaysia, the constructability and buildability concepts established by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) and other relevant literature by CIRIA, (1983) Tatum, (1987) Adams, (1989) CII, (1993) and etc, there are 23 constructability concepts were explicate and presented by Nima, (2001) which use them to utilise a study in relation to the engineered construction phases. There are 7 concepts for conceptual planning phase, 8 concepts for design and procurement phase and 8 concepts for field operation phases which as follows-C1-C7 (Project constructability enhancement during conceptual planning phase) ideal C1 the project constructability program should be discussed and documented within the project execution plan, through the participation of all project team members.Concept C2 a project team that includes representatives of the owner, engineer and contractor should be formulated and maintained to take the constructability issue into consideration from the outset of the project and through all of its phases.Concept C3 individuals with current construction knowledge and experience should achieve the early project planning so that interference between design and construction can be avoided.Concept C4 the construction methods should be taken into consideration when choosing the type and the number of contracts required for executing the project.Concept C5 the master project schedule and the construction completion date should be construction-sensitive and should be assigned as early as possi ble.Concept C6 in order to accomplish the field operations easily and efficiently, major construction methods should be discussed and analyses in-depth as early as possible to direct the design according to these methods.Concept C7 site layout should be studies carefully so that construction, operation and forethought proceed efficiently and avoid any interference between the operations performed during these phases.C8-C15 (Project constructability enhancement during design and procurement phases)Concept C8 design and procurement schedules should be dictated by construction sequence. Thus, the construction schedule must be discussed and developed prior to the design development and procurement schedule.Concept C9 locomote information technologies are important to any field including field of construction industry. The usage of those technologies could overcome the problem of fragmentation into specialized roles in this field, whence enhancing constructability.Concept C10 des igns, with design simplification by designers and design review by qualified construction personnel must be configured to enable efficient construction.Concept C11 project elements should be standardized to an extent that will never affect the project cost negatively.Concept C12 the project technical specifications should be simplified and configured to achieve efficient construction without sacrificing the level or the efficiency of the project performance.Concept C13 the implementation of modularization and preassembly for project elements should be taken into consideration and studied carefully. Modularization and preassembly design should be prepared to facilitate fabrication, transportation and installation.Concept C14 project design should take into consideration the construction personnel, materials and equipment accessibility to the required position on-site.Concept C15 design should facilitate construction during adverse weather conditions. Great emphasis should be mad e to planning for the construction of the project under suitable weather conditions, but the designer must plan and take into consideration the project elements that could be prefabricated in workshops.C16-C23 (Project constructability enhancement during field operation phases)Concept C16 field task sequencing should be configured in order to minimize damages or remake of some project elements, minimize scaffolding needs, formwork used or over-crowding of construction personnel, material and equipment.Concept C17 innovation in temporary construction materials/systems, or implementing innovative shipway of using available temporary construction materials/systems that have not been defined or limited by the design drawings and technical specifications will contribute positively to the enhancement of constructability.Concept C18 incorporating innovation of new methods in using off-the-shelf hand tools or allowance of the available tools or introduction of a new hand tools that ma y reduce labour intensity, annex mobility, safety or accessibility will enhance constructability at the construction phase.Concept C19 introduction of innovative methods for using the available equipment or modification of the available equipment to increase their productivity will lead to a better constructability.Concept C20 in order to increase the productivity, reduce the need of scaffolding or improve the project constructability under adverse weather conditions, detergent builders should be encouraged to use any nonmandatory preassembly.Concept C21 constructability will be enhanced by encouraging the constructor to carry out innovation of temporary facilities.Concept C22 good contractors, based on quality and time, should be documented, so that contracts for future construction works would not be awarded based on low bits only, but by considering other project attributes.Concept C23 evaluation, documentation and feedback of the issues of the constructability concepts s hould be maintained throughout the project to be used in later projects as lessons learned.(Source Nima el al, (Nawi, et.al, 2009))Although there are many researchers from different countries have identified and presented their own principles and concepts, but the points they covered are almost the same. Through those principles and concepts, it showing the ways to help the construction to reduce its project time, error, cost by having a good buildability on manage overall project.ASSESSMENT OF DESIGNS FOR BUILDABILITYAccording to CIRC and Chiang et.al, has stated that the construction industries are continues to search out the ways to improve buildability, such as the use of prefabricated, standardized and modular components, as well as the adoption of alternative procurement methods (cited by Wong, Lam, Chan P.C. and Chan H.W., 2006), the Building and Construction potentiality (BCA) in Singapore had introduced and published a Code of Practice on Buildabl