death penalty :: essays research papers

When turning on the television, radio, or simply opening the local give-and-takepaper, one is bombarded with news of arrests, capital punishments, homicides, and other such tragedies. There are many things that I dont agree with in todays society but, out of all the wrongdoing that takes place, I believe murder including the death penalisation is the worst of them. I am strongly against the death penalty because it violates Gods rules, costs the tax payers too much money, the possible "wrongly accused," and it is venomous and unusual punishment. How often do these concepts creep into the publics mind when it hears of our fair, trusty government taking away someones breathing rights? I do not support having the death penalty because it violates religious beliefs. Many religions, such as my own, Catholicism, follow the rules that God sent to use through the Ten Commandments. One of the most important of those ten states, " gramme shall not kill." If you are executi ng an individual, that clearly violates this commandment. Murdering any person, no matter what the individual has been convicted of, is a mortal sin. Therefore, God will punish anyone who aids in executing people. I believe that religious beliefs, such as the Ten Commandments, are the corner stone for our law system. Executing someone should not be made an exception to Gods rule. My next reason against the death penalty is that taxpayers waste too much of their money with the death penalty. The average death penalty courting is appealed three times. This means that the taxpayers must pay for the same trial to be heard three times. This is a very expensive practice. Also, the average convicted murder spends 12 years on death row. If supporters of the death penalty are positive enough to kill the person for committing the crime, shouldnt the supporters be confident enough to execute them in a timely manner? Why spend the taxpayers money keeping these inmates in jail for so long? Taxp ayers money should go to better society, not to accommodate the prisoners that are going to end up dead. Theres always the chance of the innocent being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

Employee morale Essay -- essays research papers

NON-TRADITIONAL WORKING HOURS IMPROVE EMPLOYEE MORALE & INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY Prepared for Mr. Robert Pigg, President Lakedale Manufacturing 1 Desert Storm attempt Niceville, FL 33870 Prepared by Human Resource Department Lakedale Manufacturing 320 Ardennes Street Arabia, NC 28357 Lakedale Manufacturing Human Resource Department 320 Ardennes Street Arabia, NC 28357 Mr. Robert Pigg, President Lakedale Manufacturing 1 Desert Storm take in Niceville, FL 33870 Dear Mr. Pigg Here is the report on the productivity and morale study concerning working hours you asked us to conduct. As you will see we have made recommendations to set up the benefits of flexibility in working hours which will increase productivity and morale in the work place. This office is confident you will see the benefits in fictile working hours at the Lakedale Manufacturing Plant in North Carolina. We really appreciate the opportunity you have given this office to conduct a study of this magnitude. If you aim addi tional information concerning this report or in implementing our recommendations, please call us. Sincerely yours, Gary Gobble Chief, Human Resources Department Laws and Regulations Policies and Procedures When it comes to laws and regulations, we must keep in drumhead that the kinship between an employee and the organization is a contractual one. The employee and the organization must agree on the terms and conditions that will govern their relationship. This agreement is made at the term the employee is hired for a certain position. Any change or modification to the original agreement must be agreed upon by both(prenominal) the employee and the organization. The laws and regulations that govern the contractual relationship come from several different sources and place constraints on the relationship. They may be statutory federal laws or state and topical anaesthetic laws that supplement those found at the federal level. The constraints placed on the relationship are necessar y. They seek to ensure a balance of power in the relationship as well as provide specific protections to both the employee and the organization. Up to this point Lakedale Manufacturing is in compliance with all federal, state and local laws. At this time the only legislation to mandate rights to alternative working time options is the Federal Part-Time Career Employment Act of 1978. This act made reduced-time options available... ...w skills and work at different tasks? Is there any specific schedule you need? Would you be available for over-time if needed? TIME REPORTING After we make selections of the teams we need to be define how we will record hours worked by these teams. How outhouse we simplify the documentation process without having a mountain of paperwork? Since we already use Excel, we can design a flextime spreadsheet template for keeping track of hours worked by each employee. We can also buy the software from IT Resource Services. IT Resource Services offers this sof tware in both the Mac or PC format. This spreadsheet automates all the time-consuming calculations necessary to track actual daily time worked and the balance of time accumulated under the flextime system. The spreadsheet can be printed at the end of each flextime reporting period to be submitted as the official report to Personnel Services. RECOMMENDATION To promote these family friendly programs, I recommend that we facilitate the team work project. I also recommend we begin the survey of our employees. To save time and man hours I believe we should equal IT Resource Services for procurement of the time keeping spreadsheet template.

Gender and Society :: Gender Society Sexism Essays Papers

Society has stamped an image into the minds of people of how the role of each sexual urge should be played out. There are two recognized types of sexual activity, a universe and a woman, however there are many types of gender roles a man or a woman may assume or be placed into by society. The ideas of how one should act and behave are often propagation ascribed by their gender by society, but these ascribed statuses and roles are sometimes un-welcomed, and people will assume who they want to be as individuals by going against the stereotypes organize forth by society. This paper will examine these roles in impairment of how society percolates men and women stereotypically, and how men and women view themselves and each other in terms of stereotypes that are typically ascribed, as well as their own opinions with a survey administered to ten individuals. What I hope to prove is that despite stereotypes playing a predominant role indoors our society, and thus influe ncing what people believe about each other in terms of their same and opposite genders, people within our society are able to go against these ascribed stereotypes and be who they want and it be okay. Through use of the survey and my own personal history dealing with gender stereotyping I think I can give a clear idea as to how stereotypes envelope our society, and how people and breaking free from those stereotypes to be more than individualistic. The differences between women and men are not solely biological. Our societys culture has established a set of unwritten cultural laws of how each gender should act, or in other words society has ascribed a stereotype. Mens gender identity has been one of masculinity, and masculinity is defined as referring to a man or things described as manly. What does manly mean though? Is a male manly if he is Mr. Fix-it, or the jock, or if he sits on the couch on Sunday watching football? This latter statement is a stereotype of men, th at has been around for decades, and is current as well, but starting with the 1960s a mans role started to change, despite the stereotype not changing to accommodate it. For the past 40 years one can see how men have taken on roles stereotypically ascribed to women, such roles including being the stay-at-home mom, which we can find an excellent example of in the 1980s accept Mr.

The Effects Of Divorce on Students :: Essays Papers

The Effects Of Divorce on Students How significant is the impact of disunite on baby birdren? There prolong been studies that show that divorce has a negative effect on children. The impact on a childs life often varies depending on the type of divorce and the age of the child during the divorce. The influence of a separation normally effects a childs learning and behavior skills. For a young child the concept of divorce is something that creates numerous misconceptions. Children do not understand the true meaning or reasoning behind why their parents would ever want to be separated. The initial reaction for most children is to blame themselves or to create a type of reasoning that they can relate to. Due to this, many children often melt off on rebuilding their family structure instead of engaging in normal childhood activities. Sudden changes in a household can disturb a childs psychological well being. Children sometimes keep up a tough time being separated from their parents they fear that if one parent can leave them why cant the other. Role changes often also occur the mother may drive to work or a baby-sitter may now play a role in the childs life. The feeling of sadness, loss and abandonment are emotions that almost all children go through. As children develop in households that have experienced divorces, problems begin to come out in many phases of the childs life. After reading an article about the effects of divorce on young children I learned many interesting issues dealing with divorce. The authors say Although there is considerable variability in outcomes over time, children in divorced and remarried families are more likely than children from non divorced families to have problems in their relationships with parents, siblings, and peers as well as lower self-esteem and academic problems (Hetherington, Bridges, & Insabella, 1998,pg2-3). The article also discuses the fact that the percentage of children who drop out of school and have divorced parents is greater then drop out rate of students whos parents are still married (Pedro-Carroll, 1999 pg.3). Over the years organizations have been established to help children postulate with issues that have to due with divorce. An organization called The Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) is a support program that was formed to meet the needs of children.

Consumer Culture and Identity Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

IntroductionFonseca (2008) defines Consumer culture as a process that represents a condition in which consumption is seen as having the role of increasingly mediating certain aspects of cordial relations and consumption has the symbolic ability to represent affiliation to a certain group and its lifestyles, as well as to generate a sense of identity. The mention of identity in Fonsecas definition brings about an judgement of the impact consumer culture can have on social agents, and not just on the economic or capitalism that comes with consumption. This essay will discuss the relationship amidst Consumer culture and Identity. The essay is divided into five split the first section is an cornerstone into what Consumer culture is, the second section is also an introduction into what Identity is and how it is used in the context of the essay, the third section deals with the crisis of identity in modern day, the fourth section introduces consumption in a modern society, the fift h section explains the impact consumption have on identity (how we reflect on ourselves and use goods to shape our identity). This essay concludes by using Giddens (1991) parameter about the modern dynamic reflectivity has an impact in the process of reconstructing ones identity when it comes in contact with the post traditional setting, to show that the relation between consumer culture and identity is that Identity is formed as consumption takes place.Introduction to Consumer CultureThe word culture has been defined as one of the two or three most complicated words in English Language (William 1958). Over the years the meaning of the word has changed and varied in different parts of the world. In 1881, Taylor defined culture a... ...society Myths and structures (Vol. 53). Sage.Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (1995). The normal chaos of love. Cambridge Polity Press.Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-HallDavis, J. (2007). The Promise of Potent ial. Minnesota JD Coaching and Consulting.Dittmar, H. 1992. The Social Psychology of Material Possessions To eat Is To Be, Hertfordshire, Harvester Wheatsheaf.Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity self and identity in the late modern age. Cambridge Polity.Lury, C. 1996. Consumer Culture, Cambridge, Polity Press.Sassatelli, R. (2007). Consumer culture History, theory and politics. Sage.Slater, D. (1997). Consumer culture and modernity. Blackwell Publishing MaldenStryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism A social structural version. Menlo Park Benjamin Cummings.

Consumer Culture and Identity Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

IntroductionFonseca (2008) defines Consumer culture as a process that represents a condition in which consumption is seen as having the role of increasingly mediating certain aspects of well-disposed relations and consumption has the symbolic ability to represent affiliation to a certain group and its lifestyles, as well as to generate a aesthesis of indistinguishability. The mention of identity in Fonsecas definition brings about an understanding of the impact consumer culture can have on social agents, and not scarce on the economic or capitalism that comes with consumption. This essay will discuss the relationship between Consumer culture and Identity. The essay is divided into five parts the archetypical section is an introduction into what Consumer culture is, the second section is also an introduction into what Identity is and how it is used in the context of the essay, the third section deals with the crisis of identity in modern day, the fourth section introduces consump tion in a contemporary society, the fifth section explains the impact consumption have on identity (how we rebound on ourselves and use goods to shape our identity). This essay concludes by using Giddens (1991) argument about the modern dynamic reflectivity has an impact in the process of reconstructing ones identity when it comes in contact with the post traditional setting, to show that the relation between consumer culture and identity is that Identity is formed as consumption takes place.Introduction to Consumer shadeThe word culture has been defined as one of the two or three most complicated words in English Language (William 1958). all over the years the meaning of the word has changed and varied in different parts of the world. In 1881, Taylor defined culture a... ...society Myths and structures (Vol. 53). Sage.Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (1995). The normal chaos of love. Cambridge mandate Press.Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentic e-HallDavis, J. (2007). The Promise of Potential. Minnesota JD Coaching and Consulting.Dittmar, H. 1992. The Social Psychology of Material Possessions To Have Is To Be, Hertfordshire, Harvester Wheatsheaf.Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity self and identity in the late modern age. Cambridge Polity.Lury, C. 1996. Consumer Culture, Cambridge, Polity Press.Sassatelli, R. (2007). Consumer culture History, theory and politics. Sage.Slater, D. (1997). Consumer culture and modernity. Blackwell Publishing MaldenStryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism A social structural version. Menlo Park Benjamin Cummings.

Gun Control Essay Introduction Essay

As of today we know that Gun control is a rattling popular demand here in the United States of America. Enforcing our gun laws here in the USA are sort of complicated for public authorities to handle. wherefore do we have guns on the streets? Is it because people are irresponsible for their owned weapon? Or maybe it is just easier for a person to get a gun anywhere faster than I apprise buy one from a different state the correct way. Why should this be possible? When allow for there be a time we could change this? After reviewing statics of how fast people can receive a gun, Ive figured out that a person with a gun is more likely to commit a crime than a real criminal. So is this a reason to discuss why we should enforce gun laws more strictly? Yes, and it is a major priority and we need it handled.The issue of gun control evokes strong passions from people at both ends of the debate. There are those who feel that they need to have guns either for protection or for sport and they are those who feel that guns are best placed in the hands of those that are mandated to protect the general population. The recent spate of school shootings goes a long way in showing how a relaxed attitude towards the licensing of guns can cause such untold carnage. The advocates of no gun control are ignoring the signs of the times that we are breeding a generation that does not think doubly before they pull the trigger.

Every End Is a New Beginning

E genuinely end is a new Beginning They say old habits die hard but what if they never died? What if they were buried under our sub-consciousness? It had been a month since I left rehab. I still remember being confined within the cold stone grey concrete walls going through and through hours of mental and physical therapy. The sessions seemed long, painful and torturous but the most devastating ache of all was time. The nights spent were mostly sleepless and uncomfortable and at times the chronic insomnia left my body weak and sore.I missed my house, my family and friends at work but change is the only constant in life and life itself is very unpredictable indeed. Never in a thousand years would I have ever imagined myself a prisoner of what seemed like sniffing harmless white pulverization and inhaling the smoke of a burning herb. I recalled the first time I experimented with my college friends before attending a concert. The night that I termed then as the outmatch night of my l ife was now the night I would remember as my downfall.It had been five years since college ended and five years of continuous substance sophisticate that made me fall from grace and I couldnt do anything about it. I was helpless and utterly dependant. That is when I checked myself in a rehabilitation total just a block away from my house. People can judge all they like but we all have a few skeletons privateness in our closets and none of us have a clean slate. No one can relate to the problems of others as long as they do non go through the same kind of hurdles themselves and me being the person I am generally disregarded any act of sympathy or spurious attempts of concern directed at me.I got myself in this mess and I was determined and adamant to get myself out of it. After spending three months in rehab I discovered that the treatment did not abide by the cookie-cutter approach, as the quality of treatment consisted of an individualized treatment plan. It not only boost me to explore the causes of my addiction but also made sure that I was provided with the emotional and mental tools to strengthen my resolve to stay sober.Therapy, though it seemed challenging and torturing at first, helped me find meaning in life and in the end lifted the dark veil of misery I was hiding under to break up a stronger and a morally sound me. I had learned not to give up on life but more importantly victorious accountability of my own actions and being more responsible. At the end of it all, life presents us with certain challenges and obstacles. It tests us with hurdles that we need to overcome in recite to learn and make progress as human beings but what we must never forget is that there is always light at the end of the delve and that every end has a new beginning.

Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton

Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton Sister Elizabeth Ann Seton was born Elizabeth Ann Bayley on August 28th, 1774 in New York City to wealthy parents. Elizabeth suffered many losses early in life starting with the loss of her mother when she was just three age old, and a younger sister two geezerhood later. She was raised Episcopalian by her mother and stepmother. Her father was a humanitarin who taught his daughter to love and be of service to others. Elizabeth had a great interest in variant and particularly liked reading the bible and scriptures in which she found great comfort.In 1794 at the age of 19, Elizabeth married William Seton and together they had five children. Four years into their join Williams father died leaving Elizabeth and William in charge of caring for his many brothers and sisters. A few years after that, Elizabeths father died. Not long after that, Williams railway line began to fail along with his health. William and Elizabeth thought that a sea voyage to Italy wo uld help him to feel better. William died while in Italy and Elizabeth became interested in the Catholic faith during that sequence to which she later converted.She felt a special devotion to the Blessed Virgin having lost her own mother at such an early age. To support her children Elizabeth undetermined a school for girls in Baltimore. After joining the Catholic Church in 1805 Elizabeth devoted her life to Gods will for her. In 1809 she took her religious vows and became known as Mother Elizabeth Seton. She formed a community of sisters called the Sisters of Charity which included one of her daughters. Mother Seton died on January 1st, 1821 from tuberculosis the same thing that killed her husband.She was just 46 years old when she died. Elizabeth is known as the patron saint for the loss of parents. Her feast day is celebrated on January 1st. Mother Seton became the first american saint to be beatified in 1963 and then later canonized in 1975. Mother Seton told her follow sister s, The first end I propose in our daily create is to do the will of God secondly, to do it in the manner he wills it and thirdly, to do it because it is his will.

The Enduring Vision (vol. 5)Chapter 12 Outline

Deyon Keaton Sotnick Chapter 13 Immigration, Expansion, and Sectional Conflict, 1840-1848 l. Introduction After the arrive at of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young led the main body of Mormons from Illinois to a new home fine-tune in the Great Salt Lake valley. In part, Youngs aim was to flee persecution by Gentiles (non-Mormons). Reasons for Mormons to head west (1) Deseret lay outside the United States and Smiths murder had led many Mormons to conclude that they could no longer live along the Gentiles. 2)Gentiles were as well as on the move west the very remoteness and aridity of Deseret make it unlikely that ny permanent settlework forcet of Gentiles would take place. Mormons earned money in their new city by patronage with Gentile wayfarers in less than a thousand days into James K. Polks presidency, the US had increased its acres area by at least 50 percent. Most immigrants gravitated to the involutionist Democratic party, and the immigrant balloting back up to tip the vote to P olk, an ardent expansionist. Democrats saw expansion as a way to reduce strife between the sections.Oregon would go to the mating, Texas the South and calcium to everyone. II. Newcomers and Natives A. Expectations and Realities A desire for religious freedom drew some emigrants to the United States. Their hope was fed by a continuous stream of travelers accounts and letters from relatives describing the States as a utopia for poor people. But many emigrants faced difficulties. Many spent savings on tickets to boats that were delayed for months and many others were sold meaningless tickets. They encountered six weeks or longer on the sea, packed almost as tightly as what slaves encountered, and travelling on cargo ships.When they landed, they soon found that farming in American farms was very solated, unlike in Europe where social and cultural lives revolved around communities. The Irish, who usually arrived in New England, found little land or capital for farming, and crowded into urban areas. Likewise, Germans, who arrived in New Orleans, found little opportunity with slave labor, and moved upriver and into urban areas where there was a community. By 1860. these two groups formed to a greater extent than 60 percent of the population of several major cities. B. The Germans In 1860, Germany was not a national-state but, a collection of downcast kingdoms.German immigrants came from a wide range of social classes and occupations. For all their differences, a common language kept them together, and German neighborhoods developed and prospered, much to the enw of Anglo-Americans who disdained their clannishness. In response, Germans became even more clannish. C. The Irish Between 181 5 and 1860, the Irish immigration into the United States passed through starving as many as a million people to death. To come off this, 1. 8 million Irish people migrated to the US between 1845 and 1854. Overwhelmingly poor and Catholic, the Irish usually entered the workforce near or at the bottom.Irish men dug cellars and lived in them, or made canal and railroad beds. Women became domestic servants and entered the workforce at an early age. Irish usually married late, which makes natural the magnanimous number of single Irish women in America. Yet some struggled up the social ladder, becoming foremen and supervisors. Others rose into the middle class by opening market place and liquor stores. The two groups both brought conflict. The poorer Irish competed directly with free blacks, stirring up negative emotions towards blacks and abolitionists.Meanwhile, the middle class clashed with native- born white workers. D. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism and Labor disagree The hostility of native-born whites towards the Irish often took the form of anti- Catholicism. Even from Puritan times, there were high anti-catholic sentiments. Catholics made doctrine the province of pope and bishops. Conspiracies were rife. Future cable inventor, Samuel Morse, warned in 1835 t hat despotic Europe goverNew Mexicoent were flooding US with Catholic immigrants to destroy republican institutions.A protestant mob turned to ash a convent suspected to assume torture chambers the same year, while Lyman Beecher warned Protestants that Catholic immigrants to the West was a conspiracy to dominate the region. Maria Monks The Awful Disclosure of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery in Montreal brought back anti-Catholic feelings. The put in of the Star-spangled Banner would evolve into the Know Nothing, or the American Party and would become a major political force in the 1850s. Protestants feared for their Jobs and feared that Catholic immigrants were a holy terror to their Jobs, in reaction many Protestants Joined nativist societies.E. Labor Protest and Immigrant Politics America cherished the notion that a nation with abundant land would never give way toa permanent class of wage slaves. Another of laborers response to wage cuts in he panic was supporting land reforms. farmin g reformers argued that labor for wages ended any hope of economic liberty. Labor unions appealed to workers who did not see eye to eye with land reformers. In an important decision, the controlling Court ruled in Commonwealth vs. Hunt, that labor unions were not illegal monopolies that restrained trade.Many immigrants quickly became politically active as they found labor organizations could help them find employment and lodging. Immigrants usually supported the Democratic party for they felt that Jackson gave a non- aristocratic feel. In addition, Whigs supported anti slavery which would effect more competition for immigrants By the same token, the Democratic party persuaded immigrants that national issues such as banking and tariffs were vital to them. In the 1840s, Democrats tried to convince immigrants that national expansion likewise advanced their interests.II. The West and Beyond A. The Far West Obstructed by The Great Plains, many Americans began moving past the Rocky Mou ntains to the Far West. The Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) agreement had left Spain in undisputed possession of Texas as well as calcium and the New Mexico territory. In 1821, Mexico gained independence and took over all Spanish North American Oregon Country. Collectively, the territories Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon was an extremely vast land, but during the 1820s, these lands were viewed by US, I-JK, and Mexico as a remote frontier. B.Far Western Frontier The earliest American and British on the West Coast were fur traders who had reached California by sailing around South America. In the otherwise undeveloped CA economy, hides were called California bank notes. The trade in CA caused little friction with Mexico because Mexico produced virtually no manufactured goods. Hispanic people born in California (called Californios) were as eager to buy as the traders were to sellso eager that they sometimes rowed out to the vessels laden with goods, thus sparing the traders t he trip ashore. Trading links also developed in the 1820s between St.Louis and Santa Fe along the Santa Fe Trail. The Panic of 1819 left many midwest Americans with a lot of unsold goods. They loaded wagons with goods and rumbled tungsten along the trail. To a far greater extent than Spain, Mexico welcomed this, as more than half the goods entering through Santa Fe trickled into internal Mexico. So popular was this trade that the Mexican silver peso traders brought back became the principal medium of exchange in Missouri. C. The American Settlement of Texas to 1835 During the 1820s, Americans began to settle the eastern part of Mexican state, Coahuila-Texas.Meanwhile, with Mexicos independence came the end of Spanish missions, and many Natives returned to nomadic ways. In 1824, the Mexican govt. , wanting protection from Natives by American settlement, began bestowing generous land grants on agents known as empresarios. Initially, most Americans, like the empresario Stephen F. Aust in, were content to live in Texas as naturalized Mexican citizens. But trouble brewed quickly as American settlers brought slaves. Mexico closed American immigration in 1830, but Americans continued to flood in with their slaves, and in 1834, Austin secured repeal of the 1830 prohibition.

Better Education for the Smaller Family

In recent years, a trend around the world has been toward a little family. Most families in the world amaze one or dickens children. In Vietnam, the average number of children per family has reduced in the last 20 years. A typical Vietnamese family has only one or two children. In the past, a family with more than ten children was not strange. The better education and the improvement of living condition have caused smaller family size. First, the average number of children per family has decreased because of better education. After the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese government has emphasized on education.Every kid could go to school to study. Therefore, more knowledge and more job opportunities have provided to Vietnamese wad. High-educated people concentrate on their operate and their income. They do not want to marry soon. The more late married couples there ar, the fewer children are born. Consequently, the family size has decreased. Moreover, Vietnamese people used to think t hat a big family with many children is a happy family. The educated people have a contrary point of view. They cannot provide their children a good education and a satisfactory support if they had many children.They have realized the benefit from a smaller family. For instance, the call down can afford $1000 to their children a month. If they had four children, each would receive only $250. However, the kid in a single child family would receive the social unit supply. A small family would provide the child a good condition to grow up. Besides, a problem has occurred from smaller families. The child becomes mischievous and naughty. The kid does whatever he or she wants because they know that their parent do not have many children.Second, the improvement of living condition has caused smaller family size. During the Vietnam War, Vietnamese people wish to have many children because they were afraid that they would lose their kids for the war. They wanted more and more of their kid s to become more and more Vietnamese soldiers. After the war, they did not need more children. As a result, the family size started to decrease. Furthermore, Vietnam is a country base on farm product. Eighty percent of Vietnamese people are farmers. The farm work is very difficult and requires a lot of labor.They needed many family members to help their work. Therefore, they had many children. Nowadays, farmers have used machine and new technology in their work. The instrument has replaced the labor. The farmers do not need many people to help them. Accordingly, they have had fewer children. In addition, more public services and information have been provided to Vietnamese people. The couples have planed to have healthy marriages. A small family is a good choice for them. This smaller, healthier family contributes to overall development and slower population growth.Nevertheless, the trend toward smaller family needs to be controlled in order to have a best result. Providing jobs an d food is hard, but lacking work force is also a problem. Nowadays, people have fewer children then they had before. The more kids they have, the more money and time they spend. In order to have a happy family, they have to support a good environment to their children. Separating the parents afford and love for three or four children is not a good idea. Consequently, a smaller family is the best choice.

Best Buy Case Study Essay

After acquiring a stake in Five Star, a retailer of appliances and electronics in china, Best obtains VP John Noble is responsible for launching a dual brand strategy to China as he did in Canada back in 2002. The plan was to open three stores in less than two years in China while Five Star was planning on opening 25 additional stores. Entering China would prove to be much more difficult than neighboring Canada as a area with 1. 3 billion consumers which is a lot of people to please.China was chosen as the second international expansion market primarily receivable to the general market opportunity, consumer fundamentals and macro-economic factors (Ivey, 2006). In addition to the Chinese being very frugal, there was also the issue of the concept of credit, or lack there of in China. About four portion of households in China used credit cards, compared to 75 percent in the United States (Ivey, 2006). Best Buy quickly effected that branding in China was not what really attracte d the consumers (Ivey, 2006). Best Buy Inc Best Buy had been interested in entering China since the 1990s.By that time, China had been hosting many of the United States and Europe as far as different manufacturing products. The option of dual branding was what Best Buy was thinking in assure to essentially conjugation rages with Chinas retailer of electronics and appliances, Five Star. By coming together, Best Buy in United States thought that the two companies would be even stronger as one. This sort of dual branding worked very well in Canada and presumably would have the same success in China. Competitors Some of the main competitors of Best Buy are Wal-mart and Costco.The competitors were constantly increasing their CE retail market and in particular they increased the products that were less complex therefore easier to sell. Internet shopping and distributors much(prenominal) as Amazon or sites like that are an other example of a competitor in the CE market. Also, home impro vement stores such as Home Depot and Lowes were also venturing into un fill inn territory which was competition for Best Buy. Lines were blurring as retailers of all kinds were widening their product assortments in pursuit of revenues and margins (Ivey, 2006). forked branding in Canada expected like logical step in that Best Buy and Canadas Future Shop, the main CE retailer there could join together and become stronger with all of the competition coming about (Ivey, 2006). Dual Branding Canada Canada was paid $363. 95 million dollars to acquire Future Shop. Among several yard why the dual branding took place, the number one reason and most important was that Future Shop was an established brand with over 95 percent unaided brand awareness among Canadians (Ivey, 2006). Though dual branding seemed like a great idea there were also some downsides.Cannibalization was the main caper of course due to the products of Future Store eating the profits of Best Buy and vice versa. There wa s also the immanent issue that the consumer would not know which brand was which. Despite these issues, by the first year of operations the dual branding strategy seemed to be working and cannibalization seemed minimal. It seemed only natural to give it a try in China (Ivey, 2006). Dual Branding China China was chosen as the second international expansion market primarily due to the overall market opportunity, consumer fundamentals and macro-economic factors (Ivey, 2006).However the Chinese consumer was different than that of the United States or Canada. Also, consumers were not really concerned with branding as much as they were messages relating to functional features. Therefore, the preference of brand did not really translate into revenue. There was also the issue of land acquisition as there were often delays which would force a store to take up to 6 months to even open its doors. The Chinese also preferred to deal with people they knew and had previous relationships with so pr ice had to be up to par due to the consumer not providing much slack for it.With all of these problems, a dual branding in China did not seem as seamless as it was in Canada (Ivey, 2006). Conclusion It is understandable why Best Buy would want to go global to maximize its profit and consumer home base all over. Though things seemed to work out in Canada, it would prove to be a much tougher hill to climb in China just found off the consumers alone and the way things are done there and simply the way of life. It will be interesting to see if the places like Turkey and Mexico, other potential targets will have the same success rate as Canada, and not resemble Chinas issues.

Women in Law Enforcement

Wo workforce in Law Enforcement Essay There argon many stereotypes that women in law enforcement field had to face end-to-end time. Women troub take with being taken serious as a crime fighter, or if a women would ever be allowed to become a law officeholder, was a question because women are usually viewed from others as too small, weak and gentle to ever be taken serious from the public. In this research paper I will explain the background on women in the law enforcement and how women have the same intelligence, communication, compassion, and diplomacy as a male officer.Having examples from articles and an interview from a women officer will help my thesis on how women can be successful as any male officer. Women have struggled since the early 1800s to have a calling with law enforcement so one day hope to succeed and be recognized as a valued part of law enforcement just same(p) their male counterparts. Women dealt with lack of respect, sexual harassment, discrimination.These times were very difficult and challenging for female officers not only verbally and emotionally but also because the police department only made uniforms to fit men officers, who made the female officers, look unprofessional and uncomfortable and very hard to do their job, when they could hardly walking in the heavy yet loose-fitting uniforms they wore. In the past women had two choices They could wear out a very high-waisted, darted pants pattern from the 1970s or they could wear mens pants,(Garret).These uniforms make a females job even more difficult with the extra weight and fabric bunched inside of their uniform, also caused a delay when reaching for their firearm. The uniforms made their job even more dangerous for females than for male officers. This demonstrates an immense example of how fearless women had to be, known that they were an easier target to take profit of and was more overlooked from citizens. During World War II women were hired into law enforcement agencies , except most of these women who were hired to auxiliary work.The women that joined the police force during the war helped to assist new men that were employed or couldnt join the military. Many women worked as dispatchers or clerical workers within the departments. While men officers tranquillize had patrol duties and worked as the crime fighters. The women were stuck with any job that a male officer wouldnt kindred to do or feel comfortable doing, like helping with children and young women, or talking to families.After the war had ended a new push toward advancing women in the career through integration with the men officers, became more demanding than ever before. The amount of women wanting a career in law enforcement encouraged them to work harder for a higher profession as a career distinct from a social worker and office help to functional in the field with the men starting with patrol ride along. These assortments led to greater demands for equal treatment and opportuni ties for women police officers.The 1950s and early 1960s was when women started to double with the number of them working in law enforcement. This was the beginning of a change in policing that would have a dramatic effect on women in law enforcement everywhere. The changes helped women excel with the police force throughout the 70s and 80s. In 1972 the Civil Rights act upon Title VII expanded to include public agencies and as a result police departments were prohibited by law from discriminating against women in hiring, recruiting, promotions, and working conditions.The Revenue Sharing Act and the Crime Control Act, both helped women significantly on holding funds from departments that discriminated against. The percentage of women in police agencies from 1960 to around 1980 unplowed ever-increasing with larger numbers of women joining which brought more opportunities and challenges for them. From 1970 into the early 1990s women in law enforcement have worked and fought for the sa me equal jobs of policing as men officers. A few examples would be on patrol, in command positions, and in promoting and recruiting officers. It is clear that the structural changes in the law in the United States have helped to create an add in the numbers of women in this traditionally male dominated field of police work. In policing, as departments expanded in the early 1970s, a related increase of black and white women police occurred driven by affirmative action practices(Price). In 1985 Penny Harrington became the first woman to be named Chief of Police for a major city, Portland, Oregon, and in Atlanta, Georgia in 1994 Beverly J. Harvard became the first African American woman to be made Chief of Police for a large city.These accomplishments are a strong testament to the courage and perseverance that women have shown throughout the history of women in policing. Despite the fact that the law enforcement fields are heavily male dominated, woman have been making a large impact for themselves throughout country. Until the womens liberal movement in the 1970s, women generally had clerical roles or held jobs as dispatchers. Then, civil rights and affirmative action laws enabled women to assume they would have a job in law enforcement.

The Simple Gift Character Anaylasis

English- The Simple Gift billy goat goat Belongs Bendarat- Bendarat is the perfect town. A friendly bibliothec, a fond McDonalds, luxury train accommodation. (p. 39) Westfield creek- I learnt totally I need to know in books on the banks of Westfield creek, my deary classroom. (p. 6) In his train expression 1864- I close the door and make a home in Motel Bendarat. (p. 28) When he reads books in the library at Bendarat- Thats me, on the deserted island of a soft mill around in Bendarat Library. (p. 4) With aged bill- I hugged quondam(a) Bill standardized Ive never hugged a humanness before sure that hed saved my life. I hugged him in the Main Street with the topographic point earners walking by, and the shopkeepers staring, and the two old laddies at the bus stop I thanked him once and thanked him a degree Celsius times. ( p. 172) With Catlin- This morning I woke and I knew w present I was going for the next few months to the library to McDonalds to the river and ho me here to the Hilton a circuit of plans with Catlin at the centre, and me a badly dressed satellite spinning crazily in her orbit. (p. 70) Doesnt Belong At his home with his tonic gave me unrivalled hard backhander across the face. (p. 15) In nowhersville this transport has never looked so rundown and beat. (p. 4) the rocks bounce and clatter and protest at being left in this damn place. (p. 4) each deadbeat no-hoper shithole lonely downtrodden house in Longlands Road Nowhersville. (p. 4) At school its the only time my school bag has come in handy. (p. 2) Bendarat library not resembling the librarian at home. She hated kids touching books.She ran the perfect library because no-one ever went in there to disturb the books. (p. 25) He starts at a place where he has no sense of belonging except for Westfield Creek. He wasnt able to connect at all in nowhersville. His Dad was horrible the librarian was horrible and he didnt belong until he got on the train and met Ernie. E rnie was nothing like Billys Dad and Billy points that out(a) There be deal like Ernie and people like my puzzle. Ernie was the one who suggested he adhere off at Bendarat. A suggestion from a nice person.When he was in the town the only negative thing that happened was that a school bus full of kids yelled out at him calling him a hobo. He was safe from his dad in his carriage small vouch and a place where Billy can feel safe. Billy wants to help old Bill because he believes he could be old Bill in the future so Billy helped him to stop inebriety Alcohol and he would bring breakfast every morning to old Bill even though Old Bill shrugged him off. Old Bill repays the favours Billy has given him like taking Billy to the snitcher to earn money, helps with the welfare agency and gives him the house to give-up the ghost in.Ernie was the first adult who helped Billy and was kind to Billy after he ran away. Then the librarian was also nice when Billy was expecting her to be mean from his quondam(prenominal) experiences with the librarians from nowhersville. These two people played a big part in changing the way Billy feels about people, it is because of these two people that Billy helps out Old Bill. There are people like Ernie and then there are people like Billys father in the world. Ernie has all the reason to not help Billy plainly he did, and his dad had all the reasons to help him but didnt.Kindness shown by Ernie and Irene helps Billy establish a sense of belonging at Bendarat. These people helped Billy trust people more. Catlin Belongs With Billy so well mannered, so unlike every boy at Benderat Grammar, or any school boy Ive ever known. (p. 42) Billy has become the diary entry of my days. He holds the secrets of every long session of Maths and crushing boredom of Science on Thursday afternoon, and as I tell him all this I dont feel poor, or a schoolgirl, or a McDonalds worker, or anything but lucky, simply lucky. (p. 06) In Billys carriage it was like a little cave, a warm, safe little caveBillys cave. (p. 62-63) With her friends I watch Petra flirt madlyshes such a show pony, but I like her. (p. 44) Doesnt belong At home I cant wait for university so I can leave home. (p. 37) in this house this big ugly five bedroom million dollar bill brick box that we live in. (p. 108) School I wear the tartan skirt and the clean blouse and I refulgency my shoes every week and wear the school blazer on sports day, and I feel like a real dork. (p. 36) Parents dad is too rich for his own good. (p. 36) Rich snobby lifestyle working at McDonalds, Parents spoil her, Rich, Attends a private school, Not judgemental, Rebellious, Observant, Intends to go to university, intelligent, large house, generous, doesnt want to live a rich snobby life, Caring/Thoughtful, has good morals, mature and cant trust her friends but can trust Billy. Old Bill Belongs With Billy and Catlin I like that kid, I like his company. (p. 11) I hadnt tho ught of anything but how pleasant it was to sit with these people and to talk with them. (p. 125-126) In his carriage kick yard Family Old house Bendarat Doesnt belong Society House Alcoholic, rude, unemployed, depressed, used to be a lawyer, smokes, intelligent, generous, lonely, lost everything grieving, homeless, doesnt need to work, has money, withdraw from society, keeps house but wont go wrong Old Bill The saddest man in the world. A sum up that old bill is sad.Billy helps old bill stop drinking and smoking so maybe just maybe Ill work on less beer for the kids sake. (p. 137) Old Bill has a very big closeness with Billy and Catlin to permit them live in his house because he sees that billy and Catlin belong together and wants them to be happy. Billy gave old bill the simple gift of friendship Old Bill repaid what Billy did for him by showing him where to get work and in the end giving him the house. Has had chosen to not belong in Bendarat or in society in general. Te chniques Form The simple gift is verse novel.A free verse text allows the creator to get into the personality of each character- his/her thoughts, emotions insecurities and ambitions. The verse novel form allows the author to tell the story from a number of perspectives with an economy of words. It allows each character to tell the story in his/her own language from his/her language. coordinate At the beginning of each chapter there is a picture and a quote from a verse in that chapter. Style Free verse poems are told from the perspectives of the three main characters. Billy 16 stratum old runaway-Catlin girl from a wealthy family -old bill homeless alcoholic The first person news report recount allows the responder to directly engage with each of the characters. Flashbacks Billy (p. 15) Talks about the time when billy breaks the window kicking a ball and the father hits him. This tells us that the billy and his dad are not connected. Shows how isolated he is. Old Bill (p. 9 6) utter desolation Notes farewell note to his father, shows how disconnected he is to his father. Direct speech/conversations p. 109 old bills regrets

Purchasing and supplies assignment Essay

rudiment epitomeIn materials forethought, the ABC analysis (or Selective Inventory Control) is an catalogueing categorization technique. ABC analysis divides an gunstock into three categories- A breaker points with in truth tight visualise and high-fidelity records, B positions with less tightly controlled and good records, and C items with the simplest controls possible and minimal records. The ABC analysis brooks a implement for identifying items that lead pret annul a signifi send awayt impact on over whatever entry salute, while also providing a mechanism for identifying diametrical categories of argumentation that will deal different c ar and controls. The ABC analysis suggests that inventories of an placement atomic number 18 non of equal value.Thus, the store is grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in gear up of their estimated importance. A items ar very important for an governing body. Beca victimisation up of the high value of these A ite ms, frequent value analysis is required. In addition to that, an organization destinys to choose an appropriate localise pattern (e.g. Just- in- m) to avoid otiose capacity. B items atomic number 18important, but of course less important than A items and to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) important than C items. Therefore B items are intergroup items. C items are margin bothy important.Advantages and Disadvantages of ABC Analysis InventoryActivity Based constituteing, or ABC, is a regularity of whateverocating overhead and direct expenses related to the most important activities of the company first. This process t come out ensembleows course owners and managers an opport building blocky to representter de exquisite the areas of manufacturing or deals that generate the most profit for the company. Inventory analyze under the ABC method is classified in order of profitability to the company. Class A document accounts for 80 percent of revenue, class B list for 15 percent of revenue and class C strain for 5 percent of revenue.Better Control of High-Priority InventoryABC ancestry analysis places tighter and more frequent controls on high-priority blood line. High-priority inventory, or class A inventory, is the class of inventory that nodes request most often. In manufacturing, class A inventory also ground create include the items most often used in the produceion of goods. Because Class A inventory is directly linked to the success of the company, it is important to constantly proctor the take on for it and ensure stock levels match that imply. With ABC analysis, your company rout out use its resources to prioritize control of high-priority inventory over inventory that has a lower impact on your bottom line.More in force(p) Cycle CountsUnder the ABC inventory analysis method, you after part allocate your resources more efficiently during vibration counts. A cycle count is the process of counting only certain items on sche duled dates. The relative frequency of your cycle counts and the items you choose to include depends on how often your inventory fluctuates. Once inventory is organized by class, you can focus regular cycle counts on class A inventory. Depending on your sine qua nons, it may be needed to count class B inventory as infrequently as twice per division and class C inventory only once per year. The ABC analysis method saves time and tire counting only the inventory required by the cycle for the class of inventory versus counting all inventory items each cycleDisadvantagesConflict with Other Cost SystemsThe ABC inventory analysis does not meet Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) requirements and also conflicts with traditional belling trunks. Companies that use ABC methods mustinessiness operate two make uping agreements, wiz for internal use under the ABC method and another(prenominal) for compliance with GAAP. Traditional costing corpses generate the figures requ ired by GAAP. Traditional costing systems allocate cost drivers by the actual unit cost, rather than by the activity percentage of the cost driver. As a result, ABC cost assignments often differ from traditional cost system assignments.Requires Substantial mental imagerysThe ABC method requires more resources to brinytain than traditional costing systems. When cycle counts are performed, class A inventory must be r out(p)inely analyzed to determine if the inventory still consists of high-priority items. If an inventory piece is no perennial used or chartered as frequently, it is moved to another inventory classification. This constant process requires much more selective information preventionment and collectionJust in timeA strategy for inventory forethought in which raw materials and components are delivered from the trafficker or supplier immediately forwards they are compulsory in the manufacturing processAdvantages & Disadvantages of Just-in-Time InventoryCompanies turn over significant inventory control to suppliers with just-in-time inventory. Just-in-time (JIT) inventory refers to an inventory instruction system with objectives of having inventory readily accessible to meet demand, but not to a point of excess where you must stockpile extra reapings. Maintaining inventory takes time and has be, which is what motivates companies to implement JIT programs.Customer NeedsBalancing the goals of avoiding stock outs while minimizing inventory be is at the heart of just-in-time inventory. One of the main benefits of automated and efficient inventory replenishment systems is that you can promptly respond to reduced inventory levels. Companies are now equipped to trace back on stock in a given product category and ramp up inventory in another as client emergencys and interests change.Inventory costMinimization of inventory management be is a primary driver and benefit of just-in-time practices. Inventory management has cost, and when you reduce t he list of holding space and staff required with JIT, the company can invest the nest egg in business sector growth and other opportunities, points out the Accounting for Management website. You also allow less likelihood of throwing out product that gets old or expires, meaning reduced waste. CoordinationA wrong of managing a just-in-time inventory system is that it requires significant coordination between retailers and suppliers in the distribution channel. Retailers often put major trust in suppliers by syncing their computer systems with suppliers so they can more directly monitor inventory levels at stores or in distribution centers to initiate rapid response to low stock levels. This usually means build up of engineering science infrastructure, which is costly. This coordinated effort is more involving on the whole than less time intensive inventory management systems.RisksJust-in-time inventory is not without risks. By nature of what it is, companies development JIT intend to walk a fine line between having besides much and too little inventory. If company procureers fail to adjust quickly to increased demand or if suppliers have distribution problems, the business risks upsetting nodes with stock outs. If buyers over breed and buy extra inventory to avoid stock outs, the company could experience higher inventory cost and the potential for waste.Vendor managed inventoryTop of Form lav of FormVendor Managed Inventory (VMI).Bottom of FormVendor Managed Inventory or VMI is a process where the marketer creates orders for their clients based on demand information that they receive from the customer. The vendor and customer are bound by an agreement which determines inventory levels, pack rates and costs. This arrangement can improve supply chain performance but reducing inventories and eliminating stock-out situations. VMI, the vendor specifies delivery quantities sent to customers through the distribution channel utilise information obtai ned from Electronic Data replace (EDI). There are a number of EDI transactions that can form the basis of the VMI process, 852,855 and the 856. The first is the crossway Activity Record, which is cognize as 852. This EDI transaction contains the sales and inventory information such as give away product activity and forecast measures, such as sum sold ($)Quantity sold (units)Quantity on hand ($)Quantity on hand (units)Quantity on order ($)Quantity on order (units)Quantity received ($)Quantity received (units)The EDI 852 information can be sent from the customer to the vendor on a weekly basis or more frequently in high-volume industries. The vendor makes the order decision based on this data in the 852 transmission. The vendor reviews the information that has been received from the vendor and an order determination is made based on actual agreement between the vendor and customer. umpteen another(prenominal) vendors use a VMI packet package to assist them in determining order requirements. VMI software can be part of an ERP suitesuch as SAP or be a standalone selection such as products from Blue Habanero, LevelMonitor, NetVMI or others.The software will verify if the data as accurate and meaningful. It will calculate a reorder point for each item based on the data and any customer information such as promotions, seasonality or unused items. The quantity of each item available at the customer is compared with the reorder point for each item at each location. This will determine if an order is needed and the quantities required. The second EDI transaction that is used in VMI is the bribe order acknowledgment, which is known as the 855. This EDI document sent to the customer contains a number of fields including Purchase order of battle subjectPurchase Order DatePurchase Order Line itemQuantityPrice point NumberDescription of ItemFreight ChargeShip DateSome vendors supply an offer ship notice (ASN) to their customers to inform them of an incoming ord er, which is know as EDI 856. The ASN differs from the purchase order acknowledgement in both timing and content. The 856 is sent to the customer after the shipment has been made instead of at the time of the purchase order. Advantages of vendor managed inventoryOne of the benefits of VMI is that the vendor is responsible for supplying the customer when the items are needed. This removes the need for the customer to have significant safety stock. Lower inventories for the customer can lead to significant cost savings. The customer also can benefit from reduced purchasing costs. Because the vendor receives data and not purchase orders, the purchasing department has to spend less time on calculating and producing purchase orders. In addition, the need for purchase order corrections and reconciliation is removed which further reduces purchasing costs. Cost saving can also be found in reduced warehouse costs.Lower inventories can reduce the need for warehouse space andwarehouse resource s. When a business relies on vendor-managed inventory, its placing a big bet on that companys ability to deliver. The vendor has to be able to determine when to send new stock, what specific products to send and in what quantities. This can be beyond the means of a supplier that doesnt have the software, infrastructure or expertise in place to make that work. If just-in-time inventory turns into way-too-late shipments thanks to silly demand forecasts or a supply-chain breakdown, VMI isnt going to work.Disadvantages of vendor managed inventoryUnscrupulous PartnersEven with way out policies in effect, a business risks being taken advantage of by a supplier flavor to make its poem. For example, a vendor might ship an excessive amount of product at the end of the quarter and book it as revenue to boost its sales figures regardless of the customers demand. The customer may return the unneeded merchandise, but the vendor already has gotten what it wants out of the transaction. In add ition, VMI may require a company to share sensitive information with the supplier, which can leave it in a diffuse position should the relationship between the parties ever falter.Limited OptionsA vendor-managed inventory system can be bad for a business when it keeps the business from seeking better-suited or lower-cost options. Because VMI links the supply chain in concert so closely, it serves as a disincentive to make a change that necessitates changing the companys inventory management system. As a result, a business may find its inventory savings negated by settling for higher- priced or inferior goods.Market ResponsivenessCustomer cullences can change in a heartbeat, with favorites falling out of style and new items becoming more in demand. If your vendor doesnt supply a wide teeming range of products and your contract prevents you from going to the competition, you may be stuck with items your customers go intot want and no way to fix the problem. baffle sure your contr act doesnt draw together you so tightly to your vendor that you both sink together when the market changes.The manufacturer can chance upon some benefits from vendor managed inventory as they can gain access to a customers point of sale (POS) data makes their forecasting somewhat easier. Manufacturers can also work their customers promotional plans into forecasting models, which means enough stock will be available when their promotions are running. As a manufacturer has more visibleness to their customers inventory levels, it is easier to ensure that stock-outs will not occur as they can see when items need to be produced.INTRODUCTION TO MRPmanufacturing resource planning (MRP II) is defined as a method for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing company. Ideally, it addresses operational planning in units, financial planning, and has a simulation potential to answer what-if questions and supplement of closed-loop MRP. This is not exclusively a software func tion, but the management of people skills, requiring a dedication to database accuracy, and fitting computer resources. It is a total company management concept for using human and company resources more productively.MRP is a comprehensive system used for planning and scheduling materials requirement. It assists in improving the materials handling capability of an organization. But it has certain disadvantages. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of MRP have been discussed belowAdvantagesSome of the key benefits that can be derived from using an MRP system are Reduced per unit cost of production thus enabling an organization to price its products competitively Low inventory levels, especially for in-process materialsBetter response to market demandBetter customer functionReduced set-up and tear-down costsComprehensive material tracking and optimized production schedulingImprovement in capacity allocation and planningDisadvantagesFollowing are the disadvantages of an MRP syste mHigh costs and technical complexities in implementation. In addition, organizations, which use an MRP system need to spend considerable effort on installing necessary equipment (computers), training personnel, modifying the software to serve their specific needs, validating, testing, and eliminating possible errors, and maintaining the software. The time required for planning and implementing an MRP system is for the most part very long. Data entry and file maintenance requires considerable inputs in the form of training and instruction of the personnel. Dependence on forecast values and estimated lead-time can sometimes be misleading. The implementation of an MRP system can be effective only when there is a high degree of accuracy in the organizations operations. It requires high commitment from the top management of an organization.The management should educate its executives on the importance of MRP as a strategic planning tool. The success of an MRP system, like that of any o ther system depends on befitting implementation and right drill. Managers can derive more benefits if they use the MRP system as a management-planning tool. MRP needs enormous human efforts and care in continuously collecting the required information for the system. However, many organizations prefer to adopt MRP systems, as the advantages of the system outweigh its disadvantages. Are you searching trading operations Management expert for service of process with Advantages and Disadvantages of an MRP system questions?Advantages and Disadvantages of an MRP system topic is not easier to learn without external help? We at www.expertsmind.com offer finest service of Operations Management assignment help and Operations Management homework help. Live tutors are available for 247 hours helping students in their Advantages and Disadvantages of an MRP system related problems. We provide beat by step Advantages and Disadvantages of an MRP system questions answers with 100% plagiarism fre e content. We prepare lineament content and notes for Advantages and Disadvantages of an MRP system topic under Operations Management theory and study material. These are avail for subscribed substance abusers and they can get advantages anytime.Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order quantity of inventory that minimizes the total cost of inventory management. Two most important categories of inventory costs are guild costs and carrying costs. Ordering costs are costs that are incurred on obtaining additional inventories. They include costs incurred on communicating the order, transportation cost, and so on Carrying costs represent the costs incurred on holding inventory in hand. They include the opportunity cost of money held up in inventories, storage costs, spoilage costs, etc. Ordering costs and carrying costs are quite opposite to each other. If we need to minimize carrying costs we have to place small order which increases the ordering costs . If we want minimize our ordering costs we have to place few orders in a year and this requires placing large orders which in turn increases the total carrying costs for the period. We need to minimize the total inventory costs and EOQ model helps us just do that. integral inventory costs = Ordering costs + Holding costsBy taking the first derivative of the function we find the following equation for minimum cost EOQ = SQRT(2 Quantity Cost Per Order / Carrying Cost Per Order)ExampleABC Ltd. is engaged in sale of footballs. Its cost per order is $400 and its carrying cost unit is $10 per unit per annum. The company has a demand for 20,000 units per year. Calculate the order size, total orders required during a year, total carrying cost and total ordering cost for the year.SolutionEOQ = SQRT(2 20,000 400/10) = 1,265 unitsAnnual demand is 20,000 units so the company will have to place 16 orders (= annual demand of 20,000 divided by order size of 1,265). Total ordering cost is hen ce $64,000 ($400 multiplied by 16). Average inventory held is 632.5 ((0+1,265)/2) which means total carrying costs of $6,325 (i.e. 632.5 $10).businesses require an efficient inventory system to maximize profit. The Economic Order Quantity model is a commonly used element of a continuousreview inventory system. It is based on a canon that calculates the most economical number of items a business should order to minimize costs and maximize value when re-stocking inventory. Small business owners should evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this inventory model before implementing it.DISADVANTAGESMinimizes Storage and Holding CostsStoring inventory may be expensive for small business owners. The main advantage of the EOQ model is the customized recommendations provided regarding the most economical number of units per order. The model may suggest buying a larger quantity in fewer orders to take advantage of discount bulk buying and minimizing order costs. Alternatively, it may point to more orders of fewer items to minimize holding costs if they are high and ordering costs are relatively low.Specific to the jobMaintaining sufficient inventory levels to match customer demand is a balancing act for many small businesses. Another advantage of the EOQ model is that it provides specific meter ill-tempered to the business regarding how much inventory to hold, when to re-order it and how many items to order. This statics out the re-stocking process and results in better customer service as inventory is available when needed.Complicated Math CalculationsThe EOQ model requires a good brain of algebra, a disadvantage for small business owners lacking math skills. Additionally, effective EOQ models require detailed data to calculate several figures. For example, the key formula of the model calculates the square root of 2DS/H, where D is the number of units purchased annually, S is the fixed ordering charge, and H is the holding cost per unit. Rent or mortgage payments, utility costs and property taxes are required just to calculate H.Based on AssumptionsThe EOQ model assumes steady demand of a business product and immediateavailability of items to be re-stocked. It does not account for seasonal or economic fluctuations. It assumes fixed costs of inventory units, ordering charges and holding charges. This inventory model requires continuous observe of inventory levels. The effectiveness of the basic EOQ model is most limited by the assumption of a one-product business, and the formula does not allow for combining several different products in the same .INTRODUCTION TO ERPWhat is ERP? It means enterprisingness resource planning, which itself means planning the resources in an enterprise (business). So, this abbreviation simply means, that this is a way of using the resources in a company more effectively. Notice, that this is not some kind of software, this is an ideology. Some companies build applications, that work according to this i deology, called ERP solutions. But there is something more there the developers of such solutions build their application implementing some silk hat business practices in it, and this is one of the most valuable features of ERP systems. The so called know-how is the most common thing that many of the small businesses out there lack. And this could be the difference between the successful, fast flowing company and the median(a) company. At some point of the life cycle of an enterprise, the need of such a system becomes inevitable. The before managers visualize this, the better.As the company grows, its control becomes more and more sticky designate. An integrated solution, like ERP software, could be really ministrant in this situation. Every small company, that wants to grow big just needs to use an ERP system. Some big corporations even would not do business with you, if you hadnt such a software implemented and working in your business. Such a solution is a proof for higher quality and that you are running your enterprise well and effectively.There are many many benefits coming from these systems, later(prenominal) well talk about them more. ERP solutions are from the group of integrated systems, which means that they are built to integrate any part of your business. Initially the manager in a small company can coordinate the different departments relatively easy, but when the company starts to grow, the same happens with the size and number of departments. The coordination between them becomes really hard and expensive. At some point of time a crisis of control is inevitable. ERP systems can bemanagers best friend then, because this is one of their main purpose to integrate your business.Advantages & Disadvantages of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) SystemsIn order to understand computer networks better, it would be helpful to have an overview of the applications running on the network. ERP or Enterprise Resource Planning is an important enterpri se application that integrates all the individual department functions into a single software application. ERP Systems make it easier to track the workflow crossways divers(a) departments. They reduce the operational costs involved in manually tracking and (perhaps) duplicating data using individual & disparate systems. In this article, let us have a look at the advantages and dis-advantages of implementing ERP (Enterprise Resource Management) Software Systems.Advantages of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)1. Complete visibility into all the important processes, across various(a) departments of an organization (especially for elder management personnel). 2. Automatic and coherent workflow from one department/function to another, to ensure a smooth transition and quicker completion of processes. This also ensures that all the inter-departmental activities are properly tracked and none of them is lost out. 3. A unified and single reporting system to analyze the statistics/status e tc. in real-time, across all functions/departments. 4. Since same (ERP) software is now used across all departments, individual departments having to buy and maintain their own software systems is no longer necessary. 5. Certain ERP vendors can extend their ERP systems to provide Business Intelligence functionalities, that can give overall insights on business processes and identify potential areas of problems/improvements. 6. Advanced e-commerce integration is possible with ERP systems most of them can handle web-based order tracking/ processing.7. There are various modules in an ERP system like Finance/Accounts, Human Resource Management, Manufacturing, Marketing/Sales, Supply Chain/Warehouse Management, CRM, work out Management, etc. 8. Since ERP is a modular software system, its possible to implement either a few modules (or) many modules based on the requirements of an organization. Ifmore modules implemented, the integration between various departments may be better. 9. Sinc e a Database system is implemented on the backend to store all the information required by the ERP system, it enables centralized storage/back-up of all enterprise data.10. ERP systems are more secure as centralized security policies can be utilise to them. All the transactions happening via the ERP systems can be tracked. 11. ERP systems provide better company-wide visibility and hence enable better/faster collaboration across all the departments. 12. It is possible to integrate other systems (like leave off- canon reader, for example) to the ERP system through an API (Application Programing Interface). 13. ERP systems make it easier for order tracking, inventory tracking, revenue tracking, sales forecasting and related activities. Disadvantages of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)1. The cost of ERP Software, planning, customization, configuration, testing, implementation, etc. is too high. 2. ERP deployments are highly time-consuming projects may take 1-3 years (or more) to ge t finish and fully functional. 3. Too little customization may not integrate the ERP system with the business process & too much customization may slow down the project and make it difficult to upgrade. 4. The cost savings/ payback may not be realized immediately after the ERP implementation & it is quite difficult to measure the same. 5. The participation of users is very important for successful implementation of ERP projects hence, exhaustive user training and simple user interface might be critical. But ERP systems are generally difficult to learn (and use).6. There peradventure additional indirect costs due to ERP implementation like new IT infrastructure, upgrading the WAN links, etc. 7. Migration of existing data to the new ERP systems is difficult (or impossible) to achieve. Integrating ERP systems with other stand alone software systems is equally difficult (if possible). These activities may consume a lot of time, money & resources, if attempted. 8. ERP implementations are difficult to achieve in modify organizations with disparate business processes and systems. 9. Once an ERP systems is implemented it becomes a single vendor lock-in for further upgrades, customizations etc. Companies are at the discretion of a single vendor and may not be able to talk terms effectively for their services. 10. Evaluation prior to implementation of ERP system is critical. If this stepis not done properly and experient technical/business resources are not available while evaluating, ERP implementations can (and have) become a ill luckADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BARCODINGBar codes consist of immobilizes and spaces that vary in width. The contains and spaces on a bar code correspond to numbers and letters that represent descriptive data. Scanners skip the bar code to find the alike description of the item, including the make and model of an item and its price. Many stores and shops commonly use bar code technology for stock inventory. Its also used to sc an when a customer wants to purchase it. There are advantages and disadvantages regarding the use of bar code technology.the Disadvantages of Barcodesdisadvantages of Bar CodesTimeIn the blink of an eye, scanning a bar code instantly displays the product name, type of product and price. Bar codes also have a 12-digit product number that when entered also produces the same information. However, if a cashier has a long line of impatient customers, go into the product details of each item is time-consuming, especially in grocery stores where each customer usually purchases multiple items. Although bar codes are a huge advantage when it comes to time, it can also be a disadvantage if the bar code on the product doesnt correspond to the right product, or the bar code electronic scanner isnt workingInventoryInventory is a huge component of any goods and services business. Keeping track of inventory can be a tedious, time-consuming and difficult task to do without a bar code scanner. With a bar code scanner, shop owners simply scan the bar code on the items and keep track of the stores inventory that way. When an individual purchases an item, the scanner transmits this information to the computer and its calculated on the stock inventory via computer technology. The major disadvantage here is if the cashier sees a number of items that look or seem the same and scans one item multiple times to savetime. Each item and type of item has a unique bar code and must be scanned separately. As a result, this could affect inventory.LabelsLabels make it easy for bar code scanners and computers to recognize the product item and vendor name. But when a label is change or non-existent, it poses problems. damaged labels make it difficult for the cashier to scan. Even the 12-digit number on the label may be damaged to the point where it is not legible. When this occurs, the checkout process is significantly delayed while the same product is desire out and brought to the cashier for scanning. In addition, some products, such as fruits and vegetables at grocery stores, dont have labels, which potentially cause delay. However, cashiers are usually trained to remember the 12-digit number corresponding to items without labels.CostsWhile bar code technology drastically reduces the time and energy spent on inventory and checkout procedures, it is costly. Businesses that want to implement bar code equipment and technology have to withstand the growing industry of doing so. This includes training employees, installing the equipment, expensive printers and the time spent entering codes for labels. However, despite the disadvantages with start-up, the bar code technology benefits businesses in the long run. CONCLUSION ON THE ABOVE INVENTORY MANAGEMENT TOOLSOne should start by saying that inventory management is the active control program that facilitates the management of sales, purchases and disbursements. The inventory management is all about special software that would reduce the costs and human efforts required to create invoices, purchase orders, various receiving lists, or payment receipts. The inventory management attempts to coordinate all the efforts in the warehouse, retail and other product lines in order to develop better controls of the processes that go inside the organization. Speaking about a particular software, I would like to note that one of the many is available at http//www.advanceware.net/modules.asp. The software is said to provide allthe needed inventory management tools in just one package. The website provides a demo adaptation of the software where one is able to explore the shipping module.The software allows the company to print serial numbers on an invoice, set a default tax rate, generate several types of reports, receive and process various customer/vendor returns, and place/process customer orders in various currencies. As for the inventory management in the workplace I would like to note that because I work in the hotel industry, the inventory management is different here than in other industries. The inventory that hotel manages is the inhabit space available for rental.One should understand that because hotel industry sells services the improper inventory management might mean that the hotel will not gather up all the rooms. Thus, the inventory management for the hotel industry should focus on the timeliness with respect to room occupation and marketing. The inventory management should also account for the food, towels, bed sheets, and other items required for the daily hotel operations. The inventory management should assure that the hotel rooms are filled right after they are freed, otherwise, the hotel would lose out since unlike tangible inventory, the service hotel industry offers cannot be sReferencesHarris, Ford W. (1990) Reprint from 1913. How Many Parts to Make at Once. Operations Research (INFORMS) 38 (6) 947950. doi10.1287/opre.38.6.947. JSTOR 170962. Retrieved Nov 21, 2 012. edit Hax, AC and Candea, D. (1984), Production and Operations Management, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 135 Grubbstrm, Robert W. (1995). Modelling production opportunities an historical overview. International Journal of Production Economics 41 114. doi10.1016/0925-5273(95)00109-3. Nahmias, Steven (2005). Production and operations analysis. McGraw Hill Higher Education. edit Altintas, N. Erhun, F. Tayur, S. (2008). Quantity Discounts Under Demand hesitancy. Management Science 54 (4) 777792. doi10.1287/mnsc.1070.0829. edit Andrew Caplin and John Leahy, Economic

Free Will and Conclusion

In the shooter case of Trayvor Martin, George Zimmerman should non go to prison house. A signifi shtupt amount of speculation exists around the shootings circumstances. There lacks an indisputable, completely factual account of the shooting and its previous events. Without the support of concrete evidence murder can not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. I intend to show the conclusion, that George Zimmerman should not go to jail, is true because the argument is sound. I intend my argument is valid because of the premises that support it.The first premise being that the Stand Your Ground justness in Florida permits the use of a fire arm in self defense. There is no explicit cogent evidence that George Zimmerman killed for any reason other then his personal protection. He therefore did not cracking the law. The second premise shows that during the altercation between Trayvor Martin and George Zimmerman, Zimmerman sustained injuries to the back of the head and nose. There sev erity could not be accounted for but their presence is undeniable insinuating the shooting was in fact an act of self defense. The trinity premise is based on the phone call to the police station moments before the murder.A struggle can be heard along with a voice screaming for help. The voice can not be identified without uncertainty to be that of Martin or Zimmerman. Zimmermans defense can argue is was him calling for help and there is no way to prove or disprove that claim. The last premise illustrates that it is still unknown if Martin sharp approached Zimmerman from bathroom while he was retreating to his S. U. V.. Zimmerman admitted to initially following Martin suspecting he was a hoodlum up to no good, but claims to have given up after losing track of the teenager.According to Zimmerman their next encounter consisted of Martin approaching him from behind and asking him his what his problem, Zimmerman denied having a problem, and claims Martin then reacted by punching him i n the nose. Witnesses reported seeing the two fighting in the distance, while others recount hearing whining followed by a gun shot. Consequently since no spectator ascertained the incident up close or in entirety, Zimmermans version which states Martin approached and attacked him can not be disproven with be certainty.These premises support that my argument is sound and help prove my conclusion is true. George Zimmerman should not go to prison for the shooting of Trayvor Martin because of the problems of dissolve will. The problems of free will has two premises that lead to the conclusion that no fulfil is free. The first premise states that if an action must occur it is not free. The second premise is based on determinism and the idea that every event occurs because of antecedent events, dating back to before birth even, ensured the occurrence. Hard determinism believes both(prenominal) of these premises and therefore yields the conclusion.They do not feel we are responsible for our actions because they are not free. emollient determinism believes unaccompanied the second premise, that a there is a past chain of events effecting present actions however they approximate our own free will is included in the chain. Therefore soft determinism do not accept the conclusion and in assuming we have some free will declare we can be held responsible for our free actions. Libertarianism supports the first premise saying that if an action must occur it is not free but denies the second premise concerning the idea of determinism. They reject the conclusion.They feel you have chance to change a decision in the early stages of deliberation, that being the case they feel we can be held responsible for our actions only when we had the opportunity to do otherwise. The position holding the most merit is soft determinism. It can be use to view the Zimmerman case. George Zimmerman could not experience the events leading up to final fatal action. We have no proof denying that Martin aggressively approached him from behind and initiated the violence. Based on the only known information we have Zimmerman had no get word over this prior event.His next action was in self defense something he could not control therefore can not be held responsible for. If he had shot Martin before the physical clank occurred he would have demonstrated using free will. Since he could not control the fights progression he is not accountable for his actions. This further proves he should not go to jail for the shooting. Morally killing in self defense is a justified action. We previously conveyed the lack of concrete evidence refuting Zimmermans recollection of the shooting as an act of self defense.Based on this we can determine Zimmermans killing is morally justified because as far as we know it was an act of self defense. If he had shot Martin before being physically attacked his actions would not be justified and in turn considered immoral. Morally his actions were j ustified as far as we can prove, adding to the reasons why he should not go to jail. In the shooting case of Trayvor Martin, George Zimmerman should not go to jail. It can not be proven without reasonable doubt that he was not acting in self defense. Disputes over the shootings circumstances provide uncertainty in the case.The arguments presented are sound and prove the conclusion, that George Zimmerman should not go to prison, is true. Bibliography http//topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/trayvon_martin/index. html http//www. nytimes. com/interactive/2012/04/02/us/the-events-leading-to-the-shooting-of-trayvon-martin. html http//www. nytimes. com/2012/04/12/us/zimmerman-to-be-charged-in-trayvon-martin-shooting. html? pagewanted=all http//www. nytimes. com/2012/04/24/us/george-zimmerman-released-after-posting-bail-in-trayvon-martin-case. html? gwh=7C04C601D11A47D31E9BF5FF98E24EF4

Global Warming: Causes, Consequences, Solutions Essay

Since the primeval days of the greenhouse debate, scientists have been interested in the impacts of planetary thawing. In the United States, the Environmental trade protection Agency has initiated a comprehensive on the impacts of climate change for the country. The publics join ond circumspection to such chore is not any more surprising as it threatens every creature with voltagely withering consequences, which has put worldwide warming in the lime light (Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5 Fankhauser, 1995 p.16). Nevertheless, attempts at a monetary quantification of these impacts despite being classic application of environmental economics have started to emerge just latterly (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16). Many scientists believe that our planet has been experiencing a warming drift over the last 200 years- and that our activities atomic number 18 responsible for this planetary warming. It started with the industrial revolution, around clxxv0 (Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5 Kursunoglu et. al. , 2001 p. 151).People began to use machines in more and more areas of life and daily functioning, from lovingnessing, to building, and manufacturing, to transportation. The machines were powered by burning fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, and inwrought gas (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16 Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5). If these fuels burn, they emit one C dioxide and other waste products into the automated teller machine, which is the layer of air that covers our planet (Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5). Fossil fuels provide closely 85% of the worlds energy, sustaining the worlds standard-of-living and providing the power for transportation.These fuels are inexpensive, transportable, safe, and relatively abundant. At the same(p) time, their use contri besideses to problems such as air quality and acid rain that are being address through heterogeneous control efforts and to the problem of global warming, which is now being considered by governments of the world (Ku rsunoglu et. al. , 2001 p. 151). field and Limitation The study call fors generally the trim backs of global warming in terms of its cause, consequences and solutions implicated.The study shall incorporate various theoretical explanations in order to address the subject criteria of the problem oblige. The scope of the study shall coincide principally on the environmental issue of global warming. Mainly, the study shall scrutinize the details of the review of related writings patterned to the primary components imposed in the latter of the studies. Analysis and interpretation of data present shall involve clear and surgical depiction of the study utilizing the present and gathered data of the review of literatures.The following shall be the objectives of the study in this research paper a. To be able to critically analyze the primary components imposed in the study, particularly the presenting phenomenon and the cause-effect relationships of global warming b. To be able to pr ovide necessary data synopsis and implication utilizing mainly the references, data gathered in review of literature and the analysis of latter studies proposed in order to provide primary depiction of the actual status of the environment in terms of global warming. Review of Related Literature globular Warming Overview The basic principle of global warming toilette be downstairsstood by considering the radiation energy from the Sun that warms the mankinds surface and the thermic radiation from the Earth and the atmosphere that is radiated out to space. On descend, these two radiation streams must be relief. If the balance is disturbed, it can be restored by an increase in the Earths surface temperature (Houghton, 2004 p. 14). The gases nitrogen and group O that make up0 the bulk of the atmosphere neither absorb nor emit thermal radiation.It is the water vapor, cytosine dioxide, and whatever other minor gases present in the atmosphere in much abjecter quantities that abso rb some of the thermal radiation and causing the difference of 21 degrees Celsius or so between the actual fair surface temperatures on the Earth of closely 15 degrees Celsius. Such blanketing condition is know as the natural greenhouse effects and the gases are known as greenhouse gases (Houghton, 2004 p. 16). The greenhouse gases are those gases in the atmosphere which, by absorbing thermal radiation emitted by the Earths surface, have blanketing effect upon it.The to the highest degree important of the greenhouse gases is water vapor, but its amount in the atmosphere is not changing without delay because of human activities. The important greenhouse gases that are directly influenced by human activities are carbon dioxide, methane, nitric oxide, the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and ozone (Houghton, 2004 p. 28). Normally, carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere in small amounts-just enough to keep temperatures on Earth at a satisfied range for our planets living things. T he burning fuels, however, has been increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Houghton, 2004 p. 28 Silverstein et.al. , 2003p. 5). So far, global warming has not been substantial, increasing the average temperature of Earth by only about 0. 6 degrees Celsius in the last century. This change is so small that some scientists argue that it is just a natural fluctuation and not a trend. Other scientists introduce that there is a great deal of evidence to support global warming Summers are getting hotter and winters are getting milder, glaciers are melting, and sea levels are rising, but these signs are only the initial shape of global warming phenomena. The warming trend is expected to speed up and produce even greater effects (Silverstein et.al. , 2003 p. 6). Warming did not occur evenly around the world, and some scientists wondered whether the changes in observed temperature top executive simply be a result of the growth of cities near weather stations. Urban are as form heat islands pavement and rooftops absorb more heat than soils and plant leaves, so cities have warmer climates than rural areas. Climatologists allow in they do not fully understand Earths climate system. For decades, however, they have agreed that signs of global warming would be most noticeable in cold regions (Pringle, 2001 p. 17 Silverstein et. al., 2003 p. 6) particularly in the blue Hemisphere, because it holds less heat-absorbing ocean water than the southeastwardern Hemisphere. Scientists have predicted that areas such as Alaska, Canada, and Northern Russia would disability more than Earth as a whole (Pringle, 2001 p. 17). Historical Overview Development of Agencies and Organizations It has been known for about 175 years that the presence in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that absorb in the infrared part of the spectrum leads to a warming of the Earths surface through the greenhouse effects.The initiative quantitative computer scien ces were made by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius in 1896. In the 1960s, Charles Keeling and his colleagues began a regular series of accurate observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide concent limit from the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. Such studies showed increasing values as a result of human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p. 1 (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16).By the 1980s, as the rate of increase of carbon dioxide concentration became astronomicr, the possible impact on the global climate became a matter of equal to politicians as well as scientists. The report of a scientific meeting held at Villach, Austria in 1985 under the auspices of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) began to alert governments and the public at large to the potential seriousness of the issue.Estimates were made that the carbon dioxide concentration could double before the en d of the twenty-first century. In 1896, three multinational agencies, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the ICSU, who had co-sponsored the Villach conference, organise the Advisory Group of Greenhouse Gases (AGGG), a small international committee with responsibility for asserting the in stock(predicate) scientific information about the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the likely impact (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p. 1).after the assembly of these well-known organizations, and formations of small groups, such as the AGGG, discoveries and widely assessments have been made regarding the issues of global warming. secret and public sectors in the United States and Europe have gathered (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 27), including those from other nations such as Japan, South Korea, etc. , in order assess possible etiologies, evaluate impending causes and provide critical support-based solutions (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p. 1). Measurements of Global Warming Even a few years ago, the acceptance of global warming was not as widespread as it is today.Global warming is difficult to prove as temperature records do no go back very far. Furthermore, the old records are primarily land based, are not representative of large areas of the world, are mostly from urban areas, and are not always collected with precision. Existing records, however, were collated, processed and alike(p) by P. D Jones and T. M. L Wrigley (1990), and their formulation of standardized data testifys a slow warming trend since the last century with occasional periods of cooling (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p.1 Gupta, 1998 p. 86). The deviations from the general trend may occur referable to three reasons sunspot cycles volcanic eruptions producing large quantities of fine ash in the air the occurrence of El Nino Southern Oscillation. Correcting for all such factors, Jones and Wrigley estimated that the earth has become 0. 5 degre es Kelvin warmer since the 1880s (Gupta, 1998 p. 86). recount of global warming also come from other sources. In recent years, glaciers on mountains, particularly tropic mountains, have melted faster than before.The temperature of the top hundred metres of sea water off the coast of atomic recite 20 shows an increase of 0. 8 degrees Kelvin over the last forty years. The data from the ice cores of Antarctica also indicate a warming trend (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16 Gupta, 1998 p. 86). These cores through the ice indicate snowfalls of number of years in sequence, which later has turned into ice. As this happens, tiny air bubbles trapped in the ice, and these bubbles can be investigated to repair the composition of the air at the time of the snowfall and also the temperature.The latter is determined by examining the ration of the two oxygen isotopes, 16O and 18O 9 (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16 Gupta, 1998 p. 86 Houghton, 2004 p. 28). The ratios reflect the ambient global temperature. A numb er of very hot years, in fact eight of the hottest on record, happened between 1980 and 1992. Apart from indicating the trend, this put global warming in publics attention. Etiologies of Global Warming Currently, there are three theories about the cause of global warming however, most of the scientists believe that the cause is an increase of greenhouse gases.Svante Arrhenius of Sweden in 1895 exhibit the linkage between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and temperature (Gupta,1998 p. 86). Carbon dioxide is the prime etiology involved in global warming causation. In fact, without any carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the earth would be much colder seat to live. The global mean temperature would be below 0 degrees Celsius instead of being close to a comfortable 14 degrees Celsius. Most carbon dioxide comes from the decomposition of dead plants and animals, and the respiration of living animals, including humans, and plants.For thousands of years, there has been no problem with this because the oceans absorbed much of this carbon dioxide hence, taking it out of the atmosphere. In addition, plants carrying on photosynthesis also absorbed a great deal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (Tomera, 2001 p. 113 Gupta,1998 p. 86). However, with the advent of modernization, auto engines, power plants, industrial mills, and home and business enterprise heating systems burn coal, oil, or natural gas (Gupta, 1998 p. 86 Houghton, 2004 p. 28 Tomera, 2001 p. 113).Such bets for 98% of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere, while the other 2% id due to the increased deforestation and mining (Tomera, 2001 p. 113). Another theoretical issue imposed is in the use of fossil fuels and burning materials that release CFCs. The first relatively successful calculation of how much the human use of fossil fuel could warm the planet published in a paper 1896 by Arrhenius. With the conceptual framework of carbon dioxide as the primary source of global warming, various theoretical conc epts have formed. In the late 1930s, G. S.Callendar, an English chemist, argued that human activities were causing an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and that this might have already started global warming. Despite Callendars concern, and although the scientific community has known about the pot4ential of human-induced warming to raise the earths temperature since the early 19th century (Tomera, 2001 p. 113 Brown, 2002 p. 14), global warming received little attention from the scientific community during the first half of the twentieth century, which centered mainly on human causations of carbon dioxide increase (Brown, 2002 p.14). In 1957, two scientists with the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Roger Revelle and Hans Suess, found that much of the carbon dioxide emitted to the earths atmosphere is not absorbed by the oceans, as some had assumed, leaving substantive amounts in the atmosphere that could eventually warm the earth (Brown, 2002 p. 14). With the current advent o f environmental discovery and climatical technological advancements, there are now environmental impacts of the chemical substitutes that are now being authentic by industry.These factors all into two main groups hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which have limited ozone depleting potential, and HCFCs, which have no ozone depleting potential. Unfortunately, both groups of chemicals are greenhouse gases, both groups of chemicals are greenhouse gases, not as powerful as the fully halogenated CFCs but nonetheless significant (Marks and Plewig, p. 13). Such causation has been linked to the issue of ozone depletion wherein HCFCs are the prime depletors, and the end consequent contributes to the global warming.Since the stratospheric ozone or ozone layer is almost depleted by stratospheric chlorine, which depends on, for example, CFC emissions. CFCs are greenhouse gases, which account for approximately 25% of the global warming effect. Freon 11 is given a global warming potential of 1, which indicates the characteristics of a major contributor. Because of the dangers proposed by CFC use, there is great commercial interest in transposition such materials with substances, which have less ozone depletion potential (Whelan, 1994p. 73).